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ab psych test Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

The four D’s

A

deviance
distress
dysfunction
danger

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2
Q

Deviance

A

Differing markedly
from a particular
society’s “norms

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3
Q

Distress

A

Often troubling to
the individual

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4
Q

Dysfunction

A

lack of control over ones experience

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5
Q

Danger

A

To oneself or
others; careless,
hostile, confused

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6
Q

Ancient/prehistoric views on abnormal behavior

A

Result of evil spirits—magical, sinister
beings
* Battle between external forces of good and evil

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7
Q

Trephination

A

use of stone instruments to
cut away a section of the skull to release evil spirits

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8
Q

The biological model

A

Emphasizes physiology
Illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism
Points especially to problems in brain anatomy or brain chemistry

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9
Q

How do biological theorists explain
abnormal behavior?

A

Connections found among some psychological disorders and specific brain structures

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10
Q

Glutamate

A

Most abundant CNS excitatory
neurotransmitter; active in
learning/memory; implicated in
schizophrenia

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11
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Activates skeletal muscles; in
brain, involved in learning,
arousal, attention, memory,
motivation

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12
Q

Dopamine

A

Movement control; reinforcing
effects of food, sex, and
abused drugs; schizophrenia
and Parkinson’s disease

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13
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood, sleep/arousal, aggression,
depression, obsessive-compulsive
disorder, alcoholism

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14
Q

Gamma-amino-butyric acid
(GABA)

A

Predominant inhibitory
neurotransmitter; respond to alcohol
and benzodiazepines
(tranquilizers); deficiency is one
cause of epilepsy

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15
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A hormone released during stress.
Functions as a neurotransmitter in
the brain to increase arousal and
attentiveness to events in the
environment; involved in depression

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16
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The ability of neural
networks in the brain to
Change through growth and reorganization
Compensate for injury
and disease
Adjust their activities in
response to new
situations or changes in
the environment
throughout the
lifespan

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17
Q

Three leading biological treatments today

A

Psychotropic medications-drugs
brain stimulation
psychosurgery

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18
Q

Drug therapy

A

1950’s: advent of psychotropic medication
antianxiety drugs, antidepressant drugs, antibipolar drugs, antipsychotic drugs

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19
Q

chemical activity

A

abnormal activity in the endocrine system is also related to mental disorders
ex- abnormal secretions of cortisol is linked to anxiety and mood disorders

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20
Q

strengths of the biological model

A

considerable respect in the field
Constantly produces valuable new
information
treatments bring great relief

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21
Q

weaknesses of the biological model

A

Limits understanding of abnormal
function by excluding nonbiological
factors
May produce significant undesirable
effects

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22
Q

psychodynamic model

A

Behavior is determined largely by
underlying, unconscious, dynamic
(interacting), psychological forces (Freud)

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23
Q

Id

A

pleasure principal

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24
Q

ego

A

ego defense

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25
superego
morality
26
strengths of the psychodynamic model
First to recognize the importance of psychological theories and systematic treatment for abnormality Saw abnormal functioning nested in the same processes as normal functioning May be helpful to persons with long- term, complex disorders
27
weakness of the psychodynamic model
Difficult to research Non-observable concepts Inaccessible to human subjects (unconscious)
28
The cognitive-behavioral model
Focuses on maladaptive behaviors and/or cognitions in understanding and treating psychological abnormality Shares key principles between behavioral and cognitive perspectives
29
behavioral dimensions
Using conditioning Classical conditioning modeling operant conditioning Therapists, as teachers, seek to help replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate behaviors
30
cognitive dimensions
Focuses on maladaptive thinking processes Inaccurate/disturbing assumptions and attitudes Illogical thinking Therapists help clients recognize, challenge, and change problematic thinking Guide clients to new ways of thinking in daily life
31
Cognitive-behavioral interplay
Behavioral and cognitive components are interwoven in most contemporary theories and therapies
32
strengths for cognitive behavioral model
Powerful force in clinical field; broad appeal Clinically useful Uniquely human process focus Theories lend themselves to research Therapies are effective in treating several disorders
33
weakness for the cognitive behavioral model
The precise role of cognition in abnormality has yet to be determined Cognitive-behavioral therapies are not effective with everyone Focusing primarily on clients’ current experiences and functioning may limit needed attention to the influence of early life experiences and relationships Other key dimensions in life are not addressed
34
humanistic-existential model
Emphasize self-actualization, fulfilling personal potential
35
the sociocultural model
Abnormal behavior includes social and cultural forces that influence an individual Includes two major perspectives  Family-social perspective  Multicultural (culturally diverse) perspective
36
Family-Social Perspective
Psychological problems emerge from and are best treated in family and social settings Perspective helped spur growth of several treatment approaches
37
Multicultural Perspective
Behavior and treatment are best understood in the context of culture and external pressures Increasing interest in understanding persons through the lens of intersectionality
38
Members of ethnic and racial minority group...
Tend to show less improvement in clinical treatment  Make less use of mental health services  Stop therapy sooner than members of majority groups
39
Therapist effectiveness enhanced by:
Greater sensitivity to cultural issues  Inclusion of cultural morals and models  Culture-sensitive therapies, gender-sensitive therapies
40
strengths of the sociocultural model
Added to clinical understanding and treatment of abnormality  Increased awareness of clinical and social roles  Have been clinically successful when other treatments have failed
41
weaknesses of the sociocultural model
Research is difficult to interpret.  Models are unable to predict abnormality in specific individuals.
42
The Developmental Psychopathology Perspective
Many theorists suggest abnormal behavioral theories should include multiple causes at a time. Uses an integrative framework to understand how variables and principles from the various models may collectively account for adaptive and maladaptive human functioning
43
Three main psychological assesments
clinical interviews clinical observations clinical tests
44
Clinical Interview Limitations
-Validity, reliability, standardization challenges -Interviewer bias or mistakes in judgment -Some researchers believe that interviewing should be discarded as a tool of clinical assessment.
45
Accuracy of the assessment measure
most important characteristic of a test validity
46
Standardization
Standardizing a technique involves setting up common steps to be followed whenever it is administered
47
Symptom questionnaires
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)  Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)
48
Personality tests
MMPI-3  MCMI-IV (personality disorders)
49
Projective tests
Rorschach inkblots  TAT ambiguous pictures  Sentence completion test
50
Comorbidity
the presence of one or more conditions simultaneously
51
Two clusters of comorbidity
internalizing disorders- focus is the inner world of the person Externalizing disorders - focus on the external environment of the person
52
Classification
: a way to name, organize, categorize varied symptoms
53
What is the most common group of mental disorders?
Anxiety disorders
54
What brain networks are involved in anxiety?
PFC, amygdala and hippocampus
55
reduced GABA activity -->
less inhibition in structures involved in threat response
56
what could parenting be based on the psychodynamic
Inadequacies in early parent/child relationships * Extreme punishment, extreme protectiveness?
57
humanistic
Conditions of worth * Overly self-critical; * Distort/deny true thoughts / feelings
58
cognitive behavioral
Cognitive distortions, irrational assumptions, especially re: danger
59
biological
genetic link established
60
How do phobias differ from fear?
Phobias more intense and persistent * With a greater desire to avoid the feared object or situation * Create distress that interferes with functioning
61
How are fears learned?
classical conditioning and modeling
62
Treatments for social anxiety disorder address two distinct features:
Overwhelming social fears and Lack of social skills
63
What biological factors contribute to panic disorder?
Caused by a hyperactive panic circuit Predisposition to develop such abnormalities is inherited
64
Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective (GAD)
Biological factors are only part of the cause of panic attacks.
65
Psychodynamic view: OCD
Battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing ego defense mechanisms
66
Cognitive-Behavioral view (OCD)
if bring temporary relief, neutralizing behavior is reinforced (operant conditioning) and will likely be repeated, eventually becoming an obsession or compulsion
67
Biological View (OCD)
Genetic abnormalities have been found among individuals w/OCD Neurotransmitters active in this network include serotonin, glutamate, and dopamine
68
SSRI
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
69
SNRI
selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
70
Anxiety disorder prevalence
most common US group of mental disorders 19% of adults (12 month period) 21% all ages (lifetime)
71
Pythagoras (6th century BCE)
Human behavior/experience is related to internal processes and natural causes not actions of the gods
72
Hippocrates
father of modern medicine All disorders, mental and physical, should be sought within the patient; result from natural causes
73
Descartes
Human behavior – can be voluntary prompted mind and body debate
74
Broca’s area
identified in left frontal lobe – speech production
75
Wernicke’s area
in left temporal lobe – spoken language comprehension
76
Hughlings Jackson
1. spinal cord/brain stem (vegetative functions) 2. including basal ganglia (movement) 3. higher cortical functions including thought and changes in the environment.
77
How long do you have to have symptoms of GAD to be diagnosed?
6 months
78
Sensory (affector) nerves
information inward
79
Motor (effector) nerves
muscular movement outward
80
Quakers
humane respectful facilities
81
Dorothea Dix
crusaded” for the mentally ill in US; led to over 40 hospitals, intending to provide moral treatment
82
Somatogenic
physical causes; led to seeking physical remedies
83
Psychogenic
psychological causes * Mesmer – hypnosis * Breuer – the “talking cure”
84
Terminal button
transmitting
85
dendrite
receiving
86
Equifinality
a number of different developmental routes can lead to the same psychological disorder
87
Multifinality
persons with similar developmental histories may nevertheless have different clinical outcomes or react to comparable current situations in different ways
88
Affect
emotional expression observed during a mental exam
89
stigmatization
not being able to sympathize with someone
90
low gaba =
hyperactive fear circuit

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