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psych final Flashcards

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1
Q

Four Revolutions – developed countries

A

Technology revolution
sexual revolution
Women’s movement
Youth movement

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2
Q

Technology revolution

A

Manufacturing economy = knowledge
economy, requiring information and
technology skills

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3
Q

Sexual Revolution

A

FDA approval of birth control
pill
Shift in standards of sexual
morality

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4
Q

Women’s Movement

A

Expanded opportunities for
women
Role of women in society

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5
Q

Youth Movement

A

Change in how young people
view meaning and value of
adulthood and its roles
1950’s – eager to “settle down”

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6
Q

Five features of emerging adulthood

A
  1. Identity explorations
  2. Instability
  3. Self-focus
  4. Feeling in-between
  5. Possibilities/optimism
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7
Q

Europe

A

Longest emerging adulthood time
Age of marriage and parenthood around 30

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8
Q

Asia

A

Capable of supporting parents financially as criteria
Identity exploration and self-development – within narrower
boundaries

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9
Q

Developing countries - urban areas

A

Urban areas – more likely to experience emerging adulthood, access to more opportunities

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10
Q

Developing countries- rural areas

A

Rural areas – less school, marry earlier, limited occupation choices

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11
Q

Erikson’s theory

A

identity vs. identity confusion =
crisis/challenge in adolescence

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12
Q

What were the 3 theories Erickson had for identity formation?

A
  • assessing abilities and strengths
  • Identifications that have accumulated by modeling others (parents, friends,
    other people from childhood)
  • Assess opportunities available to them in society
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13
Q

James Marcia - Identity Status Interview

A

Diffusion
 Moratorium
 Foreclosure
 Achievement

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14
Q

Diffusion

A

No exploration, no commitment
Not attempting to try out
potential options, not trying to
make commitments

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15
Q

Moratorium

A

Exploration, but no commitment
 Trying out different possibilities/options
(personal, occupational, ideological)
 Which possibility best suits me?

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16
Q

Foreclosure

A

No exploration, but fully committed
 Parental influence
 Exploration is important, foreclosure not
healthiest status

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17
Q

Achievement

A

follows the period of moratorium
exploration + commitment
 Made definite choices

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18
Q

Heightened awareness of ethnic identity

A

1.Assimilation
2. Marginalization
3. Separation
4. Biculturalism

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19
Q

When do you feel more aware of ethnic identity?

A

Attending a PWI
 Being the only person of color in a workplace
 Being the only minority family in a neighborhood

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20
Q

Having a strong ethnic identity related to:

A

Better overall well-being
 Academic achievement
 Lower rates of risk behavior

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21
Q

Ethnic-racial socialization

A

Parental communication of specific values, standards, skills, etc. for specific racial/ethnic group

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22
Q

“Protective” socialization:

A

Preparation for bias
Cultural socialization

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23
Q

Cultural socialization

A

each children about positive, traditional, and cultural
aspects of their group (cultural pride)

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24
Q

preparation for bias

A

explicitly teach children about discrimination their group
experiences and how to deal with it

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25
“Detrimental” socialization:
Preparation for mistrust
26
Preparation for mistrust
explicitly telling children not to trust other ethnic/racial groups because they are a threat
27
Children begin making assumptions about race before age?
5
28
Racist attitudes are thought to solidify around age
9 or 10
29
Recentering
shift in emerging adulthood from living with family (geographically, socially, and emotionally) and moving toward long-term partnership
30
What is a major component of romantic relationships?
Intimacy
31
Cohabitating
Common in US, Canada, and northern European countries
32
Do you think US couples that live together before marriage are more or less likely to get divorced?
more likely Adults who cohabitate tend to be at higher risk for divorce
33
sexuality in emerging adults
Have higher rates of hooking up compared to older adults Contraceptive use high but inconsistent Premarital sex rates highest in Australia, Canada, the United States, and Europe
34
Substages of Late Adulthood
Young-old Old-old Oldest old
35
What age is young old?
60-74
36
What age is old-old?
74-84
37
What age is oldest old?
85 and up
38
What group is more likely to have difficulty with activities of daily living?
oldest old
39
Functional age
represents competence and performance of older adults (compared to chronological age) ex - An 80 year old with a functional age of 70
40
Primary aging
inevitable, biological aging that takes place in all humans ex - graying, wrinkling, declining height
41
Secondary aging
decline in physical functioning due to lifestyle behaviors
42
Changes in Vision
Reduced visual acuity Cataracts most common visual impairment Lens gets thicker = vision gets cloudy and distorted
43
Changes in Hearing
Acuity diminishes for high-pitched sounds May develop tinnitus = hearing a ringing or buzzing sound with no external source Hearing loss associated with loneliness and depression Negative effect on social functioning – conversations are strenuous and stressful
44
successful aging
New and more positive perspective on aging 1.Maintaining physical health 2. Maintaining cognitive functioning 3. Continued engagement
45
a nutritious diet
Slows down primary aging  Enhances immune system
46
risk for disease and illness increases
increases with age
47
Movement/exercise
Lowers risk of disease  Increases muscle and bone mass  Slows primary aging
48
Aerobic exercise
Enhances respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems
49
Strength training
Builds muscle and bone mass, can make daily tasks/activities easier
50
Procedural memory
– relatively little decline
51
Semantic memory
– slower decline Frequency of tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon – people’s names
52
episodic/autobiographical memory
Substantial declines Better memory for events from long, long ago Harder time with recent events
53
Reminiscence bump
better recall (more vivid, more detail) for personal events from age 10 to 30 compared to recall for events from age 30 to 50
54
When does the brain start to shrink?
Late adulthood around 30 and accelerates around 60
55
What does the brain shrinking entail?
brain mass declines spaces within the brain increase
56
What parts of the brain are affected by brain shrinking?
hippocampus, cerebellum, frontal lobe
57
Brain changes caused by primary aging...
can be exacerbated by secondary aging
58
There is a decline in which neurotransmitters?
Acetylcholine dopamine
59
acetylcholine
memory function
60
dopamine
movement and motor coordination
61
What are you at a risk for with a loss of dopamine?
Parkinsons disease
62
When is there an increase in risk for dementia?
Late adulthood
63
Most common type of dementia?
Alzheimer's Pattern of structural decline in the brain
64
Earliest symptom of Alzheimer's
loss of memory for recent events and familiar names and tasks
65
Alzheimer’s progression
Memory for recent events affected first, then earlier events and people are forgotten and then decline into unawareness – of people, places, events
66
Alzheimer’s progression- personality changes
more anxious and aggressive, lower interest in previously enjoyed activities
67
Frontal lobe is affected =
harder time inhibiting behaviors
68
Later stages of Alzheimers
ability to speak and control bodily functions is lost
69
Buildup of amyloid plaques
deposits of amyloid beta (a protein) and clumps of dead neurons Brain is supposed to clear out amyloid beta, but does not
70
Development of neurofibrillary tangles
bundles of twisted fibers that appear within neurons
71
What is thought to be a contributor of amyloid buildup?
Genetic risk/mutations issues with protein processing chronic inflammation dysfunction of microglia (disposal of waste)
72
What is thought to be a contributor of neurofibrillary tangles?
Genetic risk cellular stress and damage interaction with amyloid beta
73
Factors influencing Alzheimer’s risk
Genetics – ApoE gene = higher risk Gene X Environment
74
ApoE gene + diet high in fat and sugar=
more likely to develop disease
75
ApoE gene + low-fat diet =
less likely to develop disease
76
Lifestyle factors for Alzheimers
Maintain cognitive engagement in late adulthood – acts as “exercise for the brain”
77
Education in emerging adulthood...
predicts synaptic density in older adulthood
78
Why can education predict Alzheimer's?
People with more education typically have jobs that are more cognitively challenging
79
Treatment
No cure  Medication to limit loss of ACh  Lots of research on new treatments is ongoing
80
marginalization
when kids experience a sense of rejection from the majority culture don't 100% identify or align with their parents culture
81
marginalization
when kids experience a sense of rejection from the majority culture don't 100% identify or align with their parents culture
82
separation
you remove yourself from American culture and hone into your home culture
83
biculturalism
dual identity

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