Nervous system Flashcards
1
Q
What is the diencephalon made up of?
A
Hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus
2
Q
What is the limbic system made up of?
A
hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, olfactory complex, cingulate gyrus
3
Q
What part of the limbic system focuses attention to event that are emotionally important?
A
cingulate gyrus
4
Q
What part of the limbic system forms and stores long term memories?
A
hippocampus
5
Q
What part of the limbic system is responsible for encoding memories based on state of emotion?
A
amygdala
6
Q
What are the parts of the brain stem?
A
pons, medulla, midbrain
7
Q
What part of the brain stem contains visual and auditory reflex?
A
midbrain
8
Q
What part of the brain stem relays info from the motor cortex to the cerebellum?
A
pons
9
Q
What part of the brain stem controls vital functions such as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure?
A
medulla
10
Q
What is the function of the cerebellum?
A
smooth controlled movements
11
Q
What part of the subcortical brain has individual neurons that project to the hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord?
A
Reticular formation
12
Q
What part of the brain contains RAS neurons?
A
reticular formation
13
Q
What is inhibited by sleep centers in the hypothalamus, depressed by alcohol, sleep inducing drugs, and tranquilizers?
A
RAS
14
Q
What sends continuous steam of impulses to cerebral cortex, keeping cortex alert and conscious and enhancing excitability?
A
RAS
15
Q
What does RAS stand for?
A
Reticular activating system
16
Q
What type of nerves connect to the forebrain and brain stem?
A
cranial nerves
17
Q
What type of nerves connect to the spinal cord?
A
spinal nerves
18
Q
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
A
12
19
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
A
31
20
Q
What is the function of the cranial nerves?
A
Coordinate activities associated with head and neck
21
Q
What is the function of the spinal nerves?
A
Coordinate activities associated with all body parts below neck
22
Q
How are the cranial nerves numbered and named?
A
Designated by serial # and names
23
Q
How are the spinal nerves numbered and named?
A
according to location on the spinal cord
24
Q
types of cranial nerves
A
most mixed nerves - motor and sensory
25
types of spinal nerves
all mixed nerves - motor and sensory
26
Function of the olfactory nerve
smell (sensory)
27
Function of the optic nerve
vision (sensory)
28
Function of the oculomotor nerve
eye movements (motor)
29
Function of the trochlear nerve
Eye movements (motor)
30
Function of the trigeminal nerve
sensory/motor to face
31
Function of the abducens nerve
eye movements (motor)
32
What parts of the body relate to the thoracic nerves?
chest muscles, abdominal muscles
33
What parts of the body relate to the lumber nerves?
leg muscles
34
What parts of the body relate to the sacral nerves?
bowel, bladder, sexual functions
35
What is the basal ganglia?
A set of subcortical structures that form motor pathways causing direct intentional muscle movement
36
What part of the basal ganglia is the main visceral control center?
Hypothalamus
37
What part of the basal ganglia is responsible for overall body homeostasis?
Hypothalamus
38
What does the epithalamus do?
Pineal gland secretes melatonin for sleep-inducing and antioxidant, Sleep-wake cycle
39
What part of the basal ganglia is a relay station for info coming into cerebral cortex from afferent impulses all over the body?
Thalamus
40
What is the thalamus play a key role in?
Mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, memory
41
What part of the brain is in charge of the conscious mind?
Cerebral cortex
42
What is the most prominent and most anterior part of the brain?
Cerebrum
43
What is the cerebrum composed of?
both gray and white matter
44
What does the cerebrum control?
Voluntary muscular movements
45
What is the outer layer of the cerebrum?
Cerebral cortex
46
What is the cerebral cortex composed of?
Gray matter
47
What does the cerebral cortex control?
Consciousness
48
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for sensory stimulus from the right side of the body?
Left
49
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for creativity?
Right
50
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for spatial ability?
Right
51
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for motor control of the left side of the body?
Right
52
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for analysis and calculations?
Left
53
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for recognition of faces, places, and objects?
Right
54
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for motor control of the right side of the body?
Left
55
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for time and sequencing?
Left
56
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for speech, language, and comprehension?
Left
57
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for sensory stimulus from left side of the body?
Right
58
What hemisphere of the brain is responsible for recognition of words, letters, and numbers
Left
59
What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?
Conscious control of precise and skilled voluntary motions
60
What is the premotor cortex responsible for?
Planned movements, complex tasks, skilled motor activities
61
What is the Broca's area responsible for?
Special motor speech
62
What is the frontal eye field responsible for?
voluntary movement of eyes
63
What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?
receives info from sensory receptors in skin and proprioceptors
64
What is the function of the somatosensory association cortex?
Integrate sensory inputs (temp, pressure) relayed via primary somatosensory cortex; understand object being felt- size, texture
65
What is the function of the primary visual cortex?
receive visual info from retina
66
What is the function of the visual association area?
Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli
67
What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?
Receives impulses from inner ear
68
What is the function of the auditory association area?
Perception of sound stimulus as speech, scream, music based on memories of sound
69
What is the function of the vestibular cortex?
Conscious awareness of balance
70
What is the function of the olfactory cortex?
Conscious awareness of odors
71
What is the function of the gustatory cortex?
Perceiving taste
72
What is the function of the visceral sensory area?
Conscious perception of visceral sensations (upset stomach, full bladder)
73
What type of fibers connects cortical areas in the same hemisphere?
Association fibers
74
What type of fibers connect cortical areas between hemispheres?
Commissural fibers
75
Parts of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
76
What is the function of sympathetic nervous system?
Fight or flight
77
What is the function of parasympathetic nervous system?
Rest and digest
78
What is a preganglionic fiber?
Neurons from the brainstem nuclei, or lateral horn of sacral spinal cord, project to terminal ganglia near or within various organs
79
What is a postganglionic fiber?
Axons from ganglia project to target tissue
80
Name for a cluster of nerves
Nuclei
81
With the somatic nervous system, how many nerves are innervating the muscle?
1
82
Which part of the autonomic nervous system has long preganglionic fibers?
Parasympathetic
83
Which part of the autonomic nervous system has short preganglionic fibers?
Sympathetic
84
Which part of the autonomic nervous system has short postganglionic fibers?
Parasympathetic
85
Which part of the autonomic nervous system has long postganglionic fibers?
Sympathetic
86
Where do the fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system come from?
Brain stem or sacral
87
Where do the fibers of the sympathetic nervous system come from?
Thoracic and lumbar
88
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
Norepinephrine
89
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
90
What type of receptors are in the PSNS?
Cholinergic (divided into Muscarinic and Nicotinic): called this because they are stimulated by acetylcholine
91
What type of receptors are in the SNS?
Adrenergic (divided into Alpha and Beta): called this because they are stimulated by adrenaline
92
Another name for epinephrine
Adrenaline
93
Another name for Norepinephrine
Noradrenaline
94
Acetyl choline is the neurotransmitter at both the ganglion and dendrites of the __________
PSNS
95
What areas are a part of the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
96
What areas are a part of the peripheral nervous system?
Ganglion and nerves
97
What is the white matter white?
Because the axons are myelinated which appears white because of the fatty acids
98
What is a group of neurons outside the CNS called?
Ganglion
99
What is a group of nerves within the CNS called?
Nucleus
100
What is a group of nerve fibers outside the CNS called?
Nerve
101
What is a group of nerve fibers within the CNS called?
Tract
102
Steps of the nervous system feedback loop
Sensory input -> Integration -> Motor output
103
What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?
Conscious perception and voluntary or reflex motor responses
104
What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?
Involuntary control to regulate organ systems and maintain homeostasis
105
What is the enteric nervous system responsible for?
Controls smooth muscle and glandular tissue in the digestive tissue
106
What are the divisions of autonomic nervous system?
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
107
What are the nodes of Ranvier?
gaps in myelin sheath along the axon
108
What type of neuron has an axon and dendrite in 1 process?
Unipolar
109
What type of neuron has an axon and dendrite in 2 processes?
Bipolar
110
What type of neuron has an axon in 1 process and dendrites in multiple processes?
Multipolar
111
What is the most common type of neuron? (Unipolar/Bipolar/Multipolar)
Multipolar
112
What type of nervous system cells are supporting cells that help neurons?
Glial cells
113
What is the most common type of glial cell?
Astrocyte
114
What do astrocytes do?
They control the interstitial environment around neurons by removing signaling molecules, guiding neuron development, and maintain the blood brain barrier
115
What type of glial cell insulates axons in myelin and ties axons together?
Oligodendrocyte
116
What type of glial cell are responsible for immune surveillance and phagocytosis?
Microglia
117
What type of glial cell filters the blood to make CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) and is a part of the blood brain barrier?
Ependymal cell
118
What types of glial cells are in the CNS?
astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglial cells, oligodendrocytes
119
What types of glial cells are in the PNS?
Schwann cells and satellite cells
120
What type of glial cell regulates nutrients and waste exchange in cell bodies of neurons?
Satellite cell
121
What type of glial cell binds nerves together and insulates them with myelin?
Schwann cell
122
Difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
Oligodendrocytes = CNS
Schwann cells = PNS
123
What is spacial summation?
simultaneous signals coming from multiple presynaptic neurons being received by a single postsynaptic neuron
123
What is temporal summation?
a single presynaptic neuron rapid-firing signals to a postsynaptic neuron
124
What is the vagus nerve?
Part of the parasympathetic nervous system, comes from brainstem and innervates heart, lungs, liver, gall bladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, intestines
125
What do alpha I receptors do?
Contract smooth muscles
126
What do alpha II receptors do?
Presynaptic nerve terminals
127
What neurotransmitter is in the presynaptic terminal?
Acetylcholine
128
What do beta I receptors do?
heart and kidneys
129
What do beta II receptors do?
relax smooth muscles, liver, pancreas, eye
130
What do beta III receptors do?
adipose tissue
131
Where are beta receptors located on a neuron?
Postsynaptic terminal
132
divisions of somatic nervous system
sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
133
What do sensory neurons do?
Receive input from environmental stimuli
134
What do motor neurons do?
They carry impulses from the CNS to effectors.
135
What is the role of proprioception?
Knowing the relative location of body parts, the rate of movement, degree of muscle stretch/contraction, tension in tendons, head orientation
