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DPsych test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Teratogens

A

behavior, environment, or bodily conditions that could be harmful
during prenatal development

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2
Q

Potential problems depend on:

A

How long embryo is exposed to teratogen
Total amount of exposure across different types of teratogens
Time of exposure during prenatal development (sensitive periods)

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3
Q

Which period is the most sensitive?

A

embryonic period

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4
Q

Whats the most common worldwide teratogen?

A

malnutrition

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5
Q

Folic acid deficiency

A

serious issues with developing the nervous system

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6
Q

What is iron important?

A

important for building blood supply of mother and fetus

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7
Q

iron deficient

A

risk of pre-term and low birth weight

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8
Q

Low intake of iodine

A

increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and abnormalities in the brain

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9
Q

Rubella (german measles) - embryonic stage exposure

A

can lead to heart abnormalities and intellectual disabilities

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10
Q

Rubella (german measles) - fetal stage exposure

A

can lead to hearing problems, low birth weight, skeletal defects

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11
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

Includes facial deformities, heart problems, misshapen limbs, and a variety of cognitive problems

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12
Q

What risks does maternal smoking have?

A

miscarriages, premature birth, low birth weight

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13
Q

What are the infant effects of maternal smoking?

A

difficulty breathing, impaired heart function

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14
Q

effects of Accutane

A

damage to major organs during embryonic development

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15
Q

Labor: Average first birth

A

12 hrs

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16
Q

Labor: Average subsequent births

A

6 hrs

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17
Q

Uterus to cervix

A

Uterine muscles contract = really
intense cramps
Peak = 60-90 seconds
The fetus moves down the uterus to the vagina

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18
Q

How long is delivery?

A

(1/2) to 1 hour

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19
Q

delivery

A

Pushing phase + contractions
Through cervix, exit uterus

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20
Q

delivery of placenta

A

Few minutes to ½ hour
More contractions
Umbilical cord cut + tied

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21
Q

Neonate

A

newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old

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22
Q

Neonate skull

A

loosely joined pieces

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23
Q

Neonate fontanels

A

2 soft spots in between skull pieces

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24
Q

Lanugo

A

fine, fuzzy hair

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25
Vernix
oily, cheesy substance
26
Anoxia
lack of oxygen, can result in death of brain cells Can result in permanent cognitive damage
27
APGAR scale
Total score predicts risk of neonatal and infant death
28
Appearance (skin color)
0 = pale or blue 1 = blue extremities 2 = fully pink
29
Pulse
0 = absent 1 = slow 2 = fast
30
grimace
0 = no response 1 = gramaces, weak cry 2 = cries and pulls away
31
Activity (tone)
0 = no movement 1 = arms, legs flexed 2 = active movement
32
respiration
0 = apneic 1 = slow, irregular breathing 2 = strong cry
33
7-10 score
good to excellent condition
34
4-6
requires assistance to breathe
35
0-4
Life-threatening danger
36
Low birth weight
<5.8 pounds
37
Preterm
born 37 weeks or earlier
38
small for date
<90% of the average weight for neonates born at the same gestational age
39
Why is preterm dangerous?
immature immune systems, CNS, lungs, and body temp regulation
40
Low birth weight treatment
Kangaroo care infant massage
41
What is a babies REM sleep?
50%
42
reflexes
automatic responses to certain kinds of stimulation
43
sucking
when something is placed in their mouth, their reflex is to suck. This disappears by 4 months
44
rooting
when something is placed on their face, their reflex is to turn towards it This disappears by four months
45
stepping
hold baby under their arms with their feet dangling and the reflex is making stepping motions disappears by 2 months
46
moro
dip downward suddenly, or loud sound that causes them to arch their back, bring their arms together, extend arms disappears by 3 months
47
Babkin
when you press or stroke both palms and it causes them to open their mouths, close eyes, and tilt head forward disappears at 3 months
48
Grasping
when an object is placed in their path, they hold it tightly this disappears at 4 months
49
swimming
when the baby is immersed in water, it holds its breath and swims with legs and feet This disappears at 4 months
50
babinski
when you stroke the side of the foot, the foot twists in and toes fan our this disappears at 8 months
51
hearing
well developed before birth they prefer their mother's voice sensitive to human speech
52
Vision
least developed sense at birth visual acuity at about 8 to 14 inches color vision limited cannot focus their lenses
53
Childbirth is deadlier for?
black families, even if their rich
54
Rich families have ?
more premature babies but they are less likely to die
55
California and child birth
California has a lower maternal mortality rate than many parts of the US. They are the first state to offer paid family leave
56
how long does recovery from birth take?
6 weeks
57
What causes the typical "baby blues"?
hormone surges
58
how big is a newborns brain?
25% of an adults brain
59
by age 2, how big is the babies brain?
70% of an adults brain
60
brain development: first year of life
development of connections between neurons
61
myelination
growth of myelin sheath around axons
62
synaptic pruning
use it or lose it use it = it gets stronger and faster unused = lose it
63
plasticity
ability for the brain to change and adapt overtime
64
what is jean piaget believe?
development is a constructive process
65
Piaget says all infants start with a?
with a schema which is a basic understanding of how the world works
66
assimilation
assimilate information into existing schema
67
accommodation
revise schemea in response to new information
68
Example of assimilation and accommodation
The grasping scheme the default grasp for an infant is the palmer grasp which also helps with their reflex. They know that can grasp their parent's finger, a toy, or their pacifier. Then they are introduced to cheerios and quickly realize they cannot use their palmer grasp to pick it up so they have to assimilate and change their grasp. This is when they use their pincer grasp
69
Sensorimotor stage
first two years learning through senses and movement progress from reflex to intentional action
70
object permanence
awareness that objects still exist even when they are no longer in sight 8-12 months they search for hidden objects
71
habituation
gradual decrease in attention after being exposed to same stimulus repeatedly
72
dishabituation
increased response when introduced to a new stimulus following habituation
73
How is memory assessed?
via recall of single actions and pairs of actions (temporal order)
74
Primary emotions
anger, sadness, fear, disgust, joy, surprise
75
secondary emotions
require social learning, embarrassment, shame, guilt
76
Happiness
2-3 months
77
surprise
6 months
78
fear
6 months
79
Anger
7 months
80
sadness
rare, has been observed when mom is depressed
81
disgust
present very early
82
smiling during first few weeks =
response to sensory stimulation
83
social smile
2-3 months, interacting with others
84
Mennella: research design
experimental
85
first laugh =
one month after smile
86
Mennella: developmental design
longitudinal
87
Mennella: independent variable
what the mothers drank
88
Mennella: dependent variable
infants preference
89
Mennella: key findings
CW and WC infants displayed less negative facial responses while eating carrot-flavored cereal than control group (WW)
90
Mennella: conclusion
Both prenatal and early postnatal flavor exposure influences infants’ responses to flavors/foods – evidence for early learning

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