addictive disorders Flashcards
What are the two groups of Substance-Related Disorders in DSM-5-TR?
Substance Use Disorders
Substance-Induced Disorders
What are the 10 classes of drugs recognized in DSM-5-TR?
Alcohol, Caffeine, Cannabis, Hallucinogens, Inhalants, Opioids, Sedative-Hypnotics, Stimulants, Tobacco, and Other.
How do substances affect the brain?
They activate brain reward systems, reinforcing behaviors and potentially leading to neglect of normal activities.
What is the difference between substance intoxication and withdrawal?
Intoxication: Temporary behavioral/emotional changes from substance use.
Withdrawal: Negative physical and psychological effects from reducing or stopping use.
What are key characteristics of Substance Use Disorders?
Cravings, loss of control, continued use despite consequences, tolerance, and withdrawal.
What are the effects of depressants?
They slow the central nervous system (CNS), reduce tension, lower inhibitions, and impair judgment and motor skills.
How does alcohol affect the brain?
It binds to GABA receptors, enhancing inhibitory effects, leading to relaxation, impaired judgment, and slowed reflexes.
What is Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC), and what levels matter?
0.06%: Relaxation
0.09%: Intoxication
0.55%: Fatal for many
0.08%: Legal DWI limit in NC
Who has the highest alcohol-use disorder prevalence in the U.S.?
American Indians, followed by Non-Hispanic Whites.
What are Sedative-Hypnotics, and how do they work?
Drugs that reduce anxiety and induce sleep by affecting GABA
What are opioids, and how do they affect the body?
heroin, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, fentanyl
Attach to endorphin receptors, relieving pain but also leading to addiction, tolerance, and severe withdrawal.
What do stimulants do?
Increase CNS activity, raising heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness.
What neurotransmitter does cocaine primarily affect?
Dopamine
What are the risks of high-dose cocaine use?
Hallucinations, paranoia, heart irregularities, seizures, and overdose death.
What is methamphetamine, and why is it dangerous?
A highly addictive stimulant that can cause cognitive impairments, compulsive use, and severe physical deterioration.
What are the effects of caffeine use?
Increased alertness, improved endurance, but also potential for intoxication (seizures, respiratory failure) and withdrawal.
How does nicotine (tobacco) affect the brain?
Increases dopamine levels and alters GABA’s inhibitory effects, leading to addiction.
What do hallucinogens do?
Alter perception, cause hallucinations, and impact serotonin pathways.
What are common hallucinogens?
LSD, MDMA (Ecstasy), Peyote, Psilocybin (mushrooms), and PCP.
What are key concerns about cannabis use today?
Increased THC levels, potential for addiction, cognitive impairments, and risks associated with smoking/vaping.
What are inhalants, and who commonly abuses them?
Solvents, aerosols, and gases inhaled for a quick high, often abused by children and teens due to easy accessibility.
What are the sociocultural causes of substance use disorders?
High-stress environments, economic hardship, cultural attitudes toward substance use.
What are the psychological causes of substance use disorders?
Psychodynamic: Unmet childhood needs, dependency issues.
Cognitive-Behavioral: Operant conditioning (reward-seeking), classical conditioning (triggers).
What are the biological causes of substance use disorders?
Genetic predisposition (twin and adoption studies).
Neurotransmitter adaptations (e.g., decreased dopamine with stimulant use).
Brain reward system dysregulation.
