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Acid and Base Flashcards

1
Q

Organs associated with Acid Base Balance Regulation

A

Lungs

Kidneys

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2
Q

Yield hydronium ions (H+) when dissolved in water

A

Acid

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3
Q

Yield hydroxyl ions (OH-)

A

Base

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4
Q

Resists changes in pH

A

Buffer

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5
Q

Normal Blood pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

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6
Q

pH Level

ACIDOSIS:
ALKALOSIS:

A

pH Level

ACIDOSIS: < 7.35
ALKALOSIS: > 7.45

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7
Q

Respiratory Regulation

A

Lungs: Respiration

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8
Q

Metabolic Regulation

A

Kidneys: Reabsorption & Excretion of bicarbonate

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9
Q

Major Blood Buffer System

A

Bicarbonate and Carbonic Acid buffer system

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10
Q

Respiratory Regulation

Organ: _________
Regulation: ________
Action/Response: ________
Analytes Controlled: ________

A

Respiratory Regulation

Organ: Lungs
Regulation: Respiration/Ventilation
Action/Response: Immediate - SHORT term
Analytes Controlled: Oxygen & CO2

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11
Q

Metabolic Regulation

Organ: _________
Regulation: ________
Action: ________
Analytes Controlled: ________

A

Metabolic Regulation

Organ: Kidney
Regulation: Reabsorption and Excretion of HCO3-
Action/Response: Slow - LONG term
Analytes Controlled: HCO3-

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12
Q

Major Function of Kidney id Acid Base balance

A

Excretion/Reabsorption of H+ ions and HCO3-

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13
Q

Provide the first line of defense to the changes in acid base status

A

Lungs

Buffer

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14
Q

Optimum pH level of Arterial Blood

A

7.40

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15
Q

pH decreases by _______/each Celsius above 37%

A

0.015

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16
Q

pH range of arterial blood is _______ lower than venous blood

A

0.003 unit

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17
Q

Evaluates the VENTILATION of Lungs and provide an index of gas exchange

A

pCO2

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18
Q

Evaluates the DEGREE of OXYGENATION and reflects the availability of O2 in the blood

A

pO2

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19
Q

Common form of CO2 dissolved in the blood and the CO2 form present in blood circulation

A

Bicarbonate

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20
Q

HCO3- comprises about _____ of the total CO2 content

A

95%

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21
Q

Threshold value of Bicarbonate

A

26 - 30 mmol/L

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22
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

Primary Cause:
Organ Affected:
Compensatory Organ:
Compensation:

A

Metabolic Acidosis

Primary Cause: Inc. Bicarbonate Excretion, Inc. H+ Reabsorption
Organ Affected: Kidney
Compensatory Organ: Lungs
Compensation: Hyperventilate

23
Q

Results - Metabolic Acidosis

pH:
HCO3:
pCO2:

A

Metabolic Acidosis

pH: decreased
HCO3: decreased
pCO2: increased

24
Q

Metabolic Alkalosis

Primary Cause:
Organ Affected:
Compensatory Organ:
Compensation:

A

Metabolic Alkalosis

Primary Cause: Inc. Bicarbonate Reabsorption
Organ Affected: Kidney
Compensatory Organ: Lungs
Compensation: Hypoventilation

25
Results - Metabolic Alkalosis pH: HCO3: pCO2:
Results - Metabolic Alkalosis pH: Increased HCO3: Increased pCO2: Decreased
26
Respiratory Acidosis Primary Cause: Organ Affected: Compensatory Organ: Compensation:
Respiratory Acidosis Primary Cause: Hypoventilation Organ Affected: Lungs Compensatory Organ: Kidney Compensation: Inc. Bicarbonate Reabsorption, H+ excretion
27
Results - Respiratory Acidosis pH: HCO3: pCO2:
Results - Respiratory Acidosis pH: decreased HCO3: decreased pCO2: increased
28
Respiratory Alkalosis Primary Cause: Organ Affected: Compensatory Organ: Compensation:
Respiratory Alkalosis Primary Cause: Hyperventilation Organ Affected: Lungs Compensatory Organ: Kidney Compensation: Increased Bicarbonate excretion
29
Results - Respiratory Alkalosis pH: HCO3: pCO2:
Results - Respiratory Alkalosis pH: increased HCO3: increased pCO2: decreased
30
Causes of Respiratory Acidosis
Alveolar Capillary Diffusion and Perfusion: COPD, Bronchopneumonia, Asthma, Emphysema Drug Abuse Congestive Heart Failure - Cardiac Arrest Stroke
31
Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis
``` CNS Disorders Hypoxia Salicylate or Aspirin Intoxication Pregnancy Physical Exercise Cirrhosis - Hepatic Coma Septicemia - Gram Negative ```
32
Causes of Metabolic Acidosis
Increased H+ production: Metabolic Acidosis, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Lactic Acidosis, Poisoning (methanol & salicylate) Reduced Acid reduction: RTA, Renal failure Loss of Bases: Loss of Na, Diarrhea
33
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis
``` Diuretics Antacids Vomiting Diarrhea Mineralocorticoid Activity: Cushing's syndrome, Hyperaldosteronism Excess NaHCO3 administration ```
34
Specimen of Choice to measure Acid-Base Status
Arterial Blood
35
Anticoagulant used
0.05 ml/of blood (Preheparinized - Lithium Heparin)
36
Syringe Method - Arterial Blood ``` Collection: Blood Volume: Anticoagulant: Processing: Transport: ```
Syringe Method Collection: Anaerobic collection - with rubber stopper Blood Volume: 3 ml/cc Anticoagulant: 0.05 ml/ml of blood Processing: STAT - <30 mins. after collection; Sample Analysis: 5 mins Transport: CHILLING (with ice)
37
Use of Butterfly and ETS is __________________
NOT RECOMMENDED - NEVER USE!!!
38
Not recommended in Blood Gas Analysis
Do Not Use: Butterfly needle ETS Liquid form of Heparin
39
Rationale - Chilling with Ice
To maintain Low Temperature in order to: 1. Increase solubility of O2, and gases to stay dissolved in the blood. 2. Reduce O2 consumption 3. Prevent the release of other metabolites that will change pH
40
Effect if NOT Chilled pH - _______ pO2 - _______ pCO2 - _______
Effect if NOT Chilled pH - decrease pO2 - decrease pCO2 - increase
41
Effect: ON STANDING (CLOSE TUBE) pH - _______ pO2 - _______ pCO2 - _______ HCO3 - _______
Effect: ON STANDING pH - decreased pO2 - decreased pCO2 - increased HCO3 - increased
42
Effect: ROOM AIR pH - _______ pO2 - _______ pCO2 - _______ HCO3 - _______
Effect: ROOM AIR pH - increased pO2 - increased pCO2 - decreased HCO3 - decreased
43
Every 1 C rise (37C) in Temperature - Fever: pO2: _______ 7% pCO2: ______ 3%
Every 1 C rise (37C) in Temperature - Fever: pO2: decrease 7% pCO2: increase 3%
44
Increased Plasma Proteins
Increased pO2
45
Increased Bacterial Contamination
Decreased pO2
46
Glycolysis
Decreased: pH, pO2
47
Principle: pO2 determination
Amperometry & Polarography
48
Principle: pH & pCO2 detetmination
Potentiometry
49
pH Electrode Measuring Electrode: _______________ Reference electrode: _______________
pH Electrode Measuring Electrode: Glass Sensing Electrode Reference electrode: Ag-Ag Cl (internal)/Hg-Hg Cl (external) Electrode
50
pO2 Electrode Measuring Electrode: _______________ Reference electrode: _______________
pO2 Electrode Measuring Electrode: Clarke Electrode Reference electrode: Ag-Ag Cl Electrode
51
pCO2 Electrode Measuring Electrode: _______________ Reference electrode: _______________
pCO2 Electrode Measuring Electrode: Severinghaus Electrode Reference electrode: Ag-Ag Cl (internal)/Hg-Hg Cl (external) Electrode
52
Gasometric Method is used for ______________ determination
Total CO2
53
Reagents for Gasometric/Van Slyke/Natelson Lactic acid: Caprylic Acid: NaOH:
Reagents for Gasometric/Van Slyke/Natelson Lactic acid: Release CO2 Caprylic Acid: Prevent Foaming NaOH: Absorb CO2
54
Anti-Foam Reagent used in Gasometric Method
Caprylic Alcohol

Clinical Chemistry (20 decks)

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