Toxicology Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
Study of Poisons
A
Toxicology
2
Q
EXOGENOUS agents produced by has effect on LIVING ORGANISM from chemical esposure, antibiotics and antidepressants
A
XENOBIOTICS
3
Q
EXOGENOUS agents with effects on the BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
A
POISON
4
Q
ENDOGENOUS agents synthesized by the acquired biological agent which have effect on the BODY/INSIDE THE CELL.
A
TOXINS
5
Q
Substances that are NOT produced by living cells but more commonly by ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS
A
Toxicant
6
Q
True or False. ABSORPTION of toxins is NEEDED to reach GI tract first to produce SYSTEMIC EFFECT
A
True.
7
Q
True or False. Toxins preferred IONIZED species because they can diffuse passively
A
False. Toxins preferred NON-IONIZED species because they can diffuse passively.
8
Q
True or False (Morse). The faster the gastrointestinal motility, the faster the passage of the toxin. The SLOWER the motility, LESSER/FEWER the toxin is absorbed which is less dangerous.
A
1st statement: TRUE
2nd statement: FALSE
A: SLOWER the motility, the MORE the toxin is absorbed which is MORE DANGEROUS.
9
Q
Implies to the relationship with an INCREASE TOXICITY response as the DOSE IS INCREASED
A
Dose-response relationship
10
Q
Predicted dose to produce a TOXIC RESPONSE in 50% population
A
TD50 (Toxic Dose)
11
Q
Predicted dose to result in DEATH/KILL of 50% population
A
LD50 (Lethal Dose)
12
Q
Predicted dose that can TREAT/EFFECTIVE at 50% population
A
ED50 (Therapeutic Dose)
13
Q
Specimen tube for Toxicology and Trace Element testing
A
Royal Blue Top Tube
14
Q
Tube for Lead Testing Determination
A
Tan/Light Brown Tube
15
Q
Reference Method for Toxicology in detecting Organic compounds
A
Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS)
16
Q
Analytical process which sgould be seprated by GC that would involve FRAGMENTATION and IONIZATION OF MOLECULES
A
Mass Spectrophotometry
17
Q
This SEPARATE sample into its INDIVIDUAL chemical components, usually with volatile compounds and steroids
A
Gas Chromatography
18
Q
A common CNS depressants, causing disorientation, euphoria and confusion
A
Alcohol
19
Q
Toxic Metabolite of ETHANOL
A
Acetaldehyde
20
Q
Toxic Substance of METHANOL
A
Formic Acid
21
Q
Unique signs and symptoms of Methanol due to formation of Formic acid
A
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
OPTIC NEUROPATHY
22
Q
Rubbing Alcohol
A
Isopropanol
23
Q
Toxic Substance of ISOPROPANOL
A
Acetone
24
Q
Unique signs and symptoms of ETHYLENE GLYCOL
A
Deposition of Calcium Oxalate Crystals
Renal Tubular Acidosis and Stones
25
Production of Oxalic Acid that further result to Calcium Oxalate
Ethylene Glycol
26
Disinfectant used in Alcohol Testing
Benzaldehyde/Benzalkonium chloride
27
Anticoagulant of choice for storage of alcohol
Sodium Fluoride
28
Reference Method of ETHANOL determination
Gas Chromatography (GC)
29
Carbon monoxide intoxication produces what Hb variant?
Carboxyhemoglobin
30
Unique characteristic of Carbon monoxide poisoning
Cherry Red appearance
31
It produces cyanide toxicity once it binds to what Hb structure and substances?
Cyanide binds to HEME IRON and IRON-BINDING substance
32
A SUPER TOXIC substance from insecticides, rodenticides
Cyanide
33
Unique effect of Cyanide toxicity
ODOR OF BITTER ALMONDS/GARLIC BREAD ODOR
34
Identify:
Common homicide and suicide agent
High affinity to KERATIN
Arsenic
35
True or False. INGESTION of Arsine gas demonstrates MOST ACUTE toxicity
False. INHALATION of arsine gas demonstrates the most acute
| toxicity.
36
Unique effect of Arsenic in long term exposure
MEE'S LINES
37
True or False. ALL Metal detection is evaluated by ION SPECIFIC ELECTRODE
False. ALL Metal detection is evaluated by ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (AAS)
38
Cadmium Characteristics
Used in:
Electroplating and Galvanizing
Pigment found in Paints and Plastics
Significant environmental pollutant
39
Unique effect of Cadmium toxicity
ITAI-ITAI
40
Disease characterized by severe OSTEOMALACIA and OSTEOPOROSIS from long term CADMIUM-CONTAMINATED RICE
Itai-Itai
41
Lead bind to what ION making it mostly found in BONES and Soft tissues
Calcium
42
Associated signs and symptoms in Higher concentration of Lead
1. Neurological (motor function - decrease movement) Symptoms due to decrease nerve conduction and demyelination of nerves.
Rationale: Leads binds to Ca2+ and thus inhibit nerve signaling pathways.
43
Normal threshold for blood lead levels (BLL)
10 μg/dL
44
Associate based on CDCs Blood Lead levels:
o For >10 ug/dL
o For >20 ug/dL
o For < 10 ug/dL
For >10 ug/dL - Growth deficits
For >20 ug/dL - Anemia
For < 10 ug/dL - permanent IQ and hearing deficits
45
True or False.
Forms of Mercury
Elemental - Brain and Nerves
Organic Compounds - Nephrotoxic
False.
Elemental - No significant Effect; Nephrotoxic
Organic Compounds - Brain and Nerves
46
Common toxic route of Mercury
Consumption of contaminated foods
47
Most abundant and are
| responsible for about one–third of all pesticide poisonings
Organophosphates
48
Most common pesticides
MALATHION
49
An enzyme that degrades or binds to acetylcholine
| to stop the signaling process or to stop the activation of the muscle which is being inhibited by organophosphates.
Acetylcholinesterase
50
Analysis in Pesticide poisoning
Measure: Serum pseudocholinesterase (SChE) activity
51
a.k.a Acetylsalicylic acid
Aspirin
52
Enzyme inhibited by Aspirin
Cyclooxygenase
53
Mechanism of Action of Aspirin
Decreasing thromboxane and prostaglandin formation (causes pain) through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase
54
Condition associated with excessive intake of aspirin in CHILDREN
Reye's Syndrome
55
Trinder reaction
Salicylate reacts with ferric nitrate to form a colored complex that is then measured spectrophotometrically.
56
Reference Method in ACETAMINOPHEN/PARACETAMOL
HPLC
57
Phase affected when Acetaminophen Toxicity or with overdose.
Phase II metabolic Pathway
58
REACTIVE INTERMEDIATE converted from drugs by P450 dependent system
N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine
59
Therapeutic drugs used for NARCOLEPSY and Attention Deficit Disorder.
AMPHETAMINES
60
Toxic effects of Amphetamine and methamphetamine
Hypertension
Cardiac arrhythmias Convulsions
Pancytopenia
61
a.k.a Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)
Ecstacy
62
True or False. Onset of effect of Ecstacy is 30 to 60 minutes, and duration is about 3.5 hours
True.
63
Associated with male sex hormone testosterone that increase muscle mass
ANABOLIC STEROIDS
64
Psychoactive compound and most potent component of Marijuana.
Tetrahydrocannabinoids (THC)
65
Major urinary metabolite for testing Marijuana and is detected in screening tests for Drug testing.
11-nor-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC–COOH)
66
After a single use of marijuana, how many days which it can be detected.
5 days
67
In heavy users of marijuana, how many days or weeks which THC -COOH can be detected.
4 weeks
68
Urinary Metabolite of Cocaine and is primary product of Hepatic metabolism
Benzoylecgonine
69
Half-life of Benzoylecgonine
4-7 hours
70
A plant/flower which Opiates are derived from.
Opium poppy (papaver somniferum)
71
Naturally Occurring Opiates
Opium
Morphine
Codeine
72
Chemically modified Opiates
Heroin
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
Oxycodone (Percodan)
73
Opioid overdose
Pupillary constriction
Comatose
Respiratory depression
74
Naloxone
Treatment for Opioid Overdose
75
CNS depressants
SEDATIVES-HYPNOTICS
76
Most common
| types of sedative–hypnotics abused.
Barbiturates Benzodiazepines
77
Abused BARBITURATES
Secobarbital
Pentobarbital
Phenobarbital
78
Most commonly abused
| BENZODIAPINES
Diazepam (Valium)
Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)
Lorazepam (Ativan)
79
Used to control Seizure activity
Diazepam
80
Most serious toxic effect of Sedatives-Hypnotics
Respiratory depression
81
Give Values in Toxicity Rating System
```
Super Toxic
Extremely Toxic
Very Toxic
Moderately Toxic
Slightly Toxic
Practically Toxic
```
```
Super Toxic (<5 mg/kg)
Extremely Toxic (5-50 mg/kg)
Very Toxic (50-500 mg/kg)
Moderately Toxic (0.5-5 g/kg)
Slightly Toxic (5-15 g/kg)
Practically Toxic (>15 g/kg)
```
82
Therapeutic Index
TD50 (or LD50) / ED50
83
Ethanol
```
Other Name:
Toxic Metabolite;
Toxicity:
Fatal Dose:
Preferred Test:
Treatment:
```
Ethanol
```
Other Name: Grain alcohol
Toxic Metabolite; Acetaldehyde
Toxicity: Hangover, CNS Depression
Fatal Dose: 300 - 400
Preferred Test: Enzymatic - Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
Treatment: Diazepam
```
84
Alcohol Critical Values
Symptoms of Alcohol Intoxication: _________
Legally Intoxicated: __________
Presumptive Evidence of driving under influence: ________
Alcohol Critical Values
Symptoms of Alcohol Intoxication: >/+ 0.05% w/v
Legally Intoxicated: _>100 mg/dl
Presumptive Evidence of driving under influence: >/= 0.10% w/v
85
Methanol
```
Other Name:
Toxic Metabolite;
Toxicity:
Fatal Dose:
Screening Test:
Preferred Test:
```
Methanol
Other Name: Wood Alcohol
Toxic Metabolite: Formic Acid
Toxicity: Optic Neuropathy, Metabolic Acidosis
Fatal Dose: 60- 250 mL
Screening Test: Computation of Osmolality Gap
Preferred Test: GC-MS
86
Isopropanol
```
Other Name:
Toxic Metabolite;
Toxicity:
Fatal Dose:
Preferred Test:
Antidote:
```
Isopropanol
```
Other Name: Rubbing alcohol
Toxic Metabolite: Acetone
Toxicity: Fruity Breath, CNS Depression,
Fatal Dose: 250 mL
Preferred Test: Gas Chromatography
Antidote: Activated Charcoal
```
87
Ethylene Glycol
```
Source:
Toxic Metabolite;
Toxicity:
Fatal Dose:
Preferred Test:
```
Ethylene Glycol
```
Source: Hydraulic fluid, Anti-freeze
Toxic Metabolite: Oxalic Acid
Toxicity: CaOx, Renal Tubular Acidosis, Stones
Fatal Dose:100 grams
Preferred Test: HPLC
```
88
Carbon Monoxide
Affinity:
Indicator:
Toxic Dose:
Definitive method:
Carbon Monoxide
Affinity: 220x
Indicator: Cherry Red appearance
Toxic Dose: 20% w/v
Definitive method: Carbon Monoxide Oximetry
89
Cyanide
Mechanism:
Indicator:
Toxic Dose:
Definitive method:
Cyanide
Mechanism: Binds to iron binding substances
Indicator: Odor of Bitter Almond
Toxic Dose: >2 ug/mL
Definitive method: Gas diffusion Amperometry
90
Arsenic
Mechanism:
Indicator:
Toxic Dose:
Definitive method:
Arsenic
Mechanism: High affinity to Keratin
Indicator: Garlic Bread Odor/ Mees Lines
Toxic Dose: 120 mg/mL
Definitive method: AAS
91
Cadmium
Mechanism:
Indicator:
Definitive method:
Cadmium
Mechanism: Inhibits Type 1 epithelial cells of lungs
Indicator: GGT in Urine
Definitive method: AAS
92
Lead
```
Mechanism:
Indicator:
Toxic Dose:
Fatal Dose:
Screening Test:
```
Lead
Mechanism: Potent Enzyme Inhibitor of D-ALA, 5' nucleotidase
Indicator: Microcytic Anemia, Basophilic Stippling, Increase D-ALA/Protoporphyrin
Toxic Dose: > 0.5 mg/day
Fatal Dose: 0.5 g
Screening Test: Zinc Protoporphyrin Test, D-ALA dehydratase test
93
Mercury
Mechanism:
Indicator:
Toxic Dose:
Definitive method:
Mercury
```
Mechanism: Bind to sulfhydryl proteins which inhibit catecholamine enzymes
Indicator:
Elemental Mercury - Pink Disease
Alkyl Mercury - Minimata Disease
Toxic Dose: >50 ug/dl
Definitive method: AAS
```
94
Amphetamines
Use:
Popular Designer Drug:
Amphetamines
Use: Treatment for Narcolepsy and Attention deficit
Drug: Methylenedioxyamphetamines (MDMA)
95
Other Names - Amphetamines
Shabu
Poorman's Coccaine
Lid Popper/Pep pills/Hearts
96
Cannabinoids
```
Treatment:
Common Name:
Most Potent Component:
Urinary Metabolite:
Detected:
```
Cannabinoids
Use: Stimulant and Depressant
Common Name: Marijuana
Most Potent Component: Tetrahydrocannabinoid
Urinary Metabolite: 11-nor-deltatetrahydrocannabinoid (THC)
Detected: 3-5 days up to 4 weeks
97
Other Names - Cannabinoids
Harshish
Mary Jane
Flower
Pampapogi
98
Cocaine
```
Use:
Common Name:
Inhibitor:
urinary Metabolite:
Detected:
```
Cocaine
```
Use: Local anesthetic for nasopharyngeal surgery
Common Name:
Inhibitor: Prozac
Urinary Metabolite: Benzolecgonine
Detected: Up to 3 days
```
99
Other Names - Coccaine
```
Gold dust
Star dust
Heaven dust
White girl
Speed Ball
```
100
Opiates
Use:
Antagonist:
Toxic Effect:
Opiates
Use: Depressant - Sedative, Analgesic, Anesthetic
Antagonist: Naloxone
Toxic Effect: Pinpoint pupils
101
Sedative Hypnotics
Use:
Cause:
Toxicity Initiated by:
Major Metabolite:
Sedative Hypnotics
Use: CNS Depressants
Cause: Respiratory Depression
Toxicity Initiated by: Alcohol
Major Metabolite: Secobarbital
