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Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids are commonly referred to as ______.

A

Fats

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2
Q

Two Building blocks of Lipids

A

Glycerol

Fatty Acids

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3
Q

Lipids are ______ to water and blood, but is soluble to _______ compounds.

A

Insoluble to water and blood

Soluble to Organic Compounds

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4
Q

Major transport protein of Lipids

A

Lipoproteins

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5
Q

Principle of Lipoproteins based on Size and Density

A

Mas MALAKI mas MAGAAN (vice versa)

Rationale:
Lipids are Large
Proteins are Dense

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6
Q

Major Lipoproteins

A

Chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL

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7
Q

Major Lipids of the Body

A 
Fatty Acid
Glycerol
Phospholipid
Cholesterol
Vitamins A-D-E-K
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8
Q

Storage Form of Lipids

A

Tryglyceride

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9
Q

Routine Tests for Lipids

A

Cholesterol and TAG

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10
Q

Vitamins A, D, E, K are _________ vitamins and tests for ___________ function.

A

ADEK are Lipid Soluble Vitamins

Tests for Liver Synthetic Function

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11
Q

Lipids are always extracted by using _____________ before you can/should analyze them.

A

Bloor’s Reagent

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12
Q

___________ is used for evaluation of risk to Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

A

Lipid Profile

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13
Q

_______ is the major constituent of TAG and phospholipid that are linear chains of C-H bonds with COOH at terminal end

A

Fatty Acid

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14
Q

Classification of F.A based on Number of Chains

Short Chain:
Medium Chain:
Long Chain:

A

Classification of F.A based on Number of Chains

Short Chain: 4-6
Medium Chain: 8-12
Long Chain: >12

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15
Q

Classification of F.A based on Chemical Bond

Saturated:
Unsaturated:

A

Classification of F.A based on Chemical Bond

Saturated: Singe Bond (FatS - Solid - TranS )
Unsaturated: Double Bonds (Oil - Liquid - Cis)

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16
Q

Building blocks for TAG and Phospholipid

A

Fatty Acid

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17
Q

Most abundant type of Lipid

A

Phospholipid

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18
Q

Phospholipid contains __________ + ________

A

2 F.A + 1 Phosphorylated Glycerol

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19
Q

3 Forms of Phospholipid

*arrange by percentage

A

70% - Lecithin
20% - Sphingomyelin
10% - Cephalin

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20
Q

Phosphatidylcholine

A

Lecithin

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21
Q

Phosphotidylethenolamine

A

Cephalin

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22
Q

Lung Surfactant Material

A

Sphingomyeline

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23
Q

Sphingomyelin is ___________, but a form of an amino alcohol called ___________.

A

Non-glycerol derived

Sphingosine

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24
Q

Sphingomyelin is increased in ____________ disorder by accumulation in the liver and spleen (Lipid Storage disorder)

A

Niemans Pick

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25
This tests for Fetal Lung Maturity
L/S Ratio | Phosphatidyl Glycerol
26
Estimation of Serum Lipid Phosphorus
Phosphorus Conc. x 25
27
Sphingomyelin serves as a reference material during __________.
3rd trimester
28
Lecithin vs. Shingomyelin - Pulmonary ________ - Synthesized by baby until/only
Lecithin Pulmonary Lubricant Synthesized till birth Sphingomyelin Pulmonary Surfactant Synthesized ONLY during 1st trimester (constant)
29
TAG comprises of ___ F.A + _______________
3 F.A + 1 Glycerol
30
*TAG begins to rise after _________
2 hrs
31
Neutral Fat
Triglyceride
32
Triglyceride is increased in cases of __________ with the value of ____________ mg/dL.
Acute Pancreatitis - >500/>680 mg/dL Rationale: Pancreas is only organ that produces the enzyme (LPL), Lipase that breaks down Lipids. The reason also why Lipase is more specific than AMS.
33
TAG value which Milky Serum is seen
200 - 499/ >500 mg/dL
34
TAG Fasting
12 - 14 hrs
35
Two main sources of TAG
Chylomicrons (Exogenous) - 80% - 95% TAG | VLDL (Endogenous) - 50% - 65% TAG
36
TAG value at risk for CHD
>/= 200 mg/dL
37
TAG and Cholesterol is tested in adults at least once in every _____
5 years
38
Classical Method in TAG measurement
Van Handel & Zilversmith
39
Reference Method in TAG measurement
MODIFIED Van Handel & Zilvertsmith *Modified: Adsorption (Additional Step) - Sialic Acid
40
TAG Chemical Method - Colorimetric vs. Fluorometric Method: Reagent: End Product:
Colorimetric Method Method: Van Handel & Zilversmith Reagent: Chromotropic acid End Product: Blue Fluorometric Method Method: Hantzsch Condensation Reagent: Diacetyl acetone + NH3 End Product: Yellow (Diacetyl Lutidine Compound)
41
Van Handel & Zilversmith Method vs. Modified Van Handel & Zilversmith ``` Van Handel & Zilversmith Step 1: Extraction - ________ Step 2: _______ - KOH Step 3: Oxidation - Periodic Acid Step 4: Color Reaction - _________ ``` End Product - ________ ``` Modified Van Handel & Zilversmith Step 1: Extraction - ________ Step 2: _______ - _______ Step 3: _______ - KOH Step 4: _______ - Periodic Acid ``` End Product - ________
Van Handel & Zilversmith Step 1: Extraction - Bloor's Reagent Step 2: Hydrolysis - KOH Step 3: Oxidation - Periodic Acid Step 4: Color Reaction - Chromotropic acid End Product - BLUE ``` Modified Van Handel & Zilversmith Step 1: Extraction - Chloroform Step 2: Adsorption - Sialic Acid Step 3: Hydrolysis - KOH Step 4: Oxidation - Periodic Acid ``` End Product - PINK
42
Fasting - Chilomicrons
9 hrs
43
TAG - Enzymatic Methods Glycerol Kinase Method Reaction A: _____________ Reaction B: _____________
TAG - Enzymatic Methods Glycerol Kinase Method Reaction A: Pyruvate Kinase Method Reaction B: Glycerol Phosphate Dehydrogenase Method
44
Reaction A vs. Reaction B Step 1: TAG - lipase - FA & GLYCEROL Step 2: GLYCEROL Step 3: Step 4: Measured -
Reaction A Step 1: TAG - lipase - FA & GLYCEROL Step 2: GLYCEROL + ATP - glycerol kinase - Glycerophosphate + ADP Step 3: ADP + Phosphoenol pyruvate - pyruvate kinase - Pyruvate + ATP Step 4: Pyruvate + NADH - lactate dehydrogenase - Lactate + NAD Measured - NAD Reaction B Step 1: TAG - lipase - FA & GLYCEROL Step 2: GLYCEROL + ATP - glycerol kinase - Glycerophosphate + ADP Step 3: Glyerphosphate + NAD - glycerphosphate dehydrogenase - Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + ATP Step 4: NAD + Tetrazolium dye - diaphorase - Formasan + NAD+ Measured - Formasan
45
*Patients with 50-60 yrs old increases TAG for ______ per year.
2 mg/dL
46
Increased TAG: | Decreased TAG:
Increased TAG: Pancreatitis, Hypothyroidism | Decreased TAG: Hyperthyroidism, Stroke
47
Cholesterol is an __________________ with 4 rings and 1 side chain of C-H bond of FA
Unsaturated steroid alcohol
48
_____ ring is the hydrophilic region of cholesterol
A ring
49
Most Atherogenic Lipid substance
Cholesterol
50
___% of cholesterol are found endogenously
70%
51
Two forms of Cholesterol 70%: ______________ 30%: ______________
Two forms of Cholesterol 70%: Cholesterol Esters 30%: Free Cholesterol
52
Cholesterol is directly related to ____________, _________, and ________________
Atherosclerosis AMI Coronary Arterial Occlusions
53
Functions of Cholesterol
1. Steroid Precursors - Aldosterone, Cortisol, Progesterone, Estrogen, Testosterone 2. Bile acids 3. Vit. D
54
*Recommended age Group Points - Serum Cholesterol Age - Moderate Risk - High Risk 2-19: ____ : >185 __ - __: ____: 220 30-39: 220: 240 >40: ___: ___
Recommended age Group Points - Serum Cholesterol Age - Moderate Risk - High Risk 2-19: >170 : >185 20-29 - >200: >220 30-39: >220: 240 >40: >240: >260
55
Hyperthyroidism: ______ TC and TAG Hypothyroidism: _______ TC and TAG
Hyperthyroidism: Decrease TC and TAG Hypothyroidism: Increase TC and TAG
56
Chemical Method - Cholesterol Lieberman vs. Salkowski End Product: Color:
Liebermann Burchardt End Product: Cholestadienyl MONOsulfonic acid Color: GREEN Salkowski End Product: Cholestadienyl DIsulfonic acid Color: RED
57
________ is most routinely used THREE step method.
Abel-Kendall Method (Extraction > Saponification > Colorimetry)
58
General Reaction of Chemical Method in Cholesterol Determination Reaction - Reagent Step 1: ________ - Bloor's/Chloroform/Hexane Step 2: Saponification - ____ Step 3: Purification/Precipitation - _______ Step 4: ________ - Lieberman: ____________ Salkowsky: ____________
General Reaction of Chemical Method in Cholesterol Determination Reaction - Reagent Step 1: Extraction - Bloor's/Chloroform/Hexane Step 2: Saponification/Hydrolysis - KOH Step 3: Purification/Precipitation - Digitonin Step 4: Colorimetry - Lieberman: Acetic anhydride - sulfuric acid Salkowsky: Ferric-sulfuric acid
59
CDC Reference Method for Cholesterol
Abell, Levy, Broody Method
60
Abell, Levy, Broody Method chemical reaction
It uses HEXANE for extraction with ALCOHOLIC KOH and followed by LB reagent.
61
It is currently the ROUTINE/WORL WIDE most common method for Cholesterol Measurement.
Enzymatic Method - Cholesterol Oxidase Method
62
In every ____ mg/dl presence of BILIRUBIN will ________ cholesterol by 5-15%
>5 md/dl of Bilirubin will DECREASE cholesterol by 5-15%
63
New reference method for Cholesterol Measurement
Mass Spectrophotometry
64
Lipoprotein is a complex of lipids and ___________.
Apolipoprotein
65
Transports TAG - __________, _______ | Transports Cholesterol - ______, ______
Transports TAG - Chylomicrons, VLDL | Transports Cholesterol - HDL, LDL
66
Major Carriers of Lipoproteins ``` Apo A1: _____ Apo B100: _____ Apo B48: ______ Apo E: _____ Apo C: _____ ```
Major Carriers of Lipoproteins ``` Apo A1: HDL Apo B100: LDL, VLDL Apo B48: Chylomicrons Apo E: Binds to LDL-receptor and Remnant receptor Apo C: Activate LPL ```
67
Alternative pathway for HDL metabolism
Cholesterol Ester Transport Protein Pathways (CTEP)
68
Lipoprotein Composition TAG - CE - Protein Chylomicrons - 80-95; 2-4; __ VLDL - ____; 16-22; 6-10 LDL- 4-8; ____; _____ HDL - 2-7; ____; ____
Chylomicrons TAG- 80-95 CE - 2-4 CHON - 1-2 VLDL TAG - 45-65 CE - 16-22 CHON - 6-10 LDL TAG - 4-8 CE - 45-55 CHON - 18-22 HDL TAG - 2-7 CE - 15-20 CHON - 45-55
69
Chylomicrons
Most non-atherogenic Largest - Lightest Transport EXOgenous TAG
70
Chylomicrons are completely cleared in the plasma after _______ of fasting
6-9 hrs
71
VLDL
Atherogenic transporter of TAG Pre-beta Lipoprotein Transport ENDOgenous TAG
72
LDL-C
``` Most Atherogenic Beta Lipoprotein Bad Cholesterol Transports Cholesterol from Liver to Cells (Liver --chlesterol -- Cells/tissues) Forward Cholesterol Transport Indirectly Measured - Friedwald ```
73
HDL-C
``` Alpha Lipoprotein Good Cholesterol "Cardioprotective" Smallest - Most Dense Transport Cholesterol from Cells to the Liver (Cells -- cholesterol -- Liver) Reverse Cholesterol Transport ```
74
_____ is the primary target of Cholesterol Lowering Therapy because in every 1% decrease in LDL is ____ decrease in Cholesterol
LDL - 1% decrease of LDL is 2% decrease of Cholesterol
75
IDL
Product of VLDL Catabolism Converted to LDL Intermediate of VLDL and LDL
76
IDL is only found in patients with _______________, due to defective clearance from the deficiency of ________.
Px: Type III Hyperlipoprotenemia Deficiency: Apo E3
77
Lipoprotein (a) Mnemonics: *a-anchor >>> sinks
LDL-like variant Sinking pre-beta lipoprotein INDEPENDENT risk factor for atherosclerosis Increase in premature CHD and Stroke
78
Lipoprotein X
Px: Obstructive jaundice and LCAT deficiency Marker: Cholestasis Major Component: 90% Phospholipid and Free Cholesterol
79
B-VLDL Mnemonics: B - boat >>> Floats
Floating pre-beta lipoprotein Abnormally migration B-VLDL Cholesterol rich VLDL Px: Type III Hyperlipoproteinemia/Dysbetalipoproteinemia
80
Posture of patients should needed to be seated for ____ minutes prior to sampling because standing patients have ____ decreased total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL
Posture of patients should needed to be seated for 5 minutes prior to sampling because standing patients have 10% decreased total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL
81
HyperChylomicronemia Defect: _________ Findings: TAG - _________ mg/dL Absent: _____
HyperChylomicronemia Defect: LPL Deficient Findings: TAG - 10, 000 mg/dl Absent: Apo C
82
HyperCholesterolemia (Type 2a) Defect: LDL receptor deficient Manifestation: Xanthelasma, Planar Xanthomas
HyperCholesterolemia (Type 2a) Defect: ___________ Manifestation: _____________
83
Hyperlipoprotenemia a.k.a ___________ Present: ___________
Hyperlipoprotenemia a.k.a Dysbetalipoprotenemia Present: B-VLDL, IDL and Apo E (no clearing of remnants)
84
Abetalipopotenemia a.k.a _______________ Defect: ___________ Absent: ____, ____, ____ Low: ____________
Abetalipoprotein "Bassen Korzweig Sydrome" Defect: Apo B synthesis defect Absent: VLDL, LDL, CM Low: Cholesterol, TAG, ApoB *Manifestation: Acanthocytosis
85
Tangier's Disease is a.k.a _________________
Analphalipoproteinemia/Hypoalphalipoproteneinemia
86
Defect in Tangier's Disease
Defect: HDL deficiency; Absent ABC A1 gene
87
Anderson's Disease is a.k.a ________________
Chylomicron Retention disease
88
Defect in Anderson's disease
Defect: Apo B48 deficiency resulting to FAT MALABSORPTION
89
b-glucocererbrosidase deficiency
Gaucher Disease
90
Hexosaminidase deficiency
Tay Sach's
91
alpha-galactosidase deficiency
Fabry disease
92
Sphingomyelinase deficiency
Niemann-Pick disease
93
LCAT deficiency is present with ___________ and manifested with ____________
Present: Lipoprotein X Manifestation: Fish Eye
94
_____________ is where phytosterols are absorbed and accumulate in plasma.
SITOsterolemia

Clinical Chemistry (20 decks)

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