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Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

General properties of Enzymes

_________: Water Free
Allosteric site: __________

A

Active Site: Water Free

Allosteric site: Cavity other than active site

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2
Q

Has the same catalytic reaction but have different molecular structure

A

Isoenzyme

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3
Q

Cofactor is a _________ molecule

A

Non-protein molecule

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4
Q

3 Types of Cofactors

A

Coenzyme
Activator
Metalloenzyme

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5
Q

Coenzyme: __________
Activator: _________
Metalloenzyme: __________

A

COenzyme: Organic Molecule/compound Cofactors
ActIvator: Inorganic ions Cofactors
Metalloenzyme: Inorganic Cofactors

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6
Q

The coenzyme is called ____________ when its tightly bound to the enzyme.

A

Prosthetic group

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7
Q

Inactive form of enzymes

A

Zymogens

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8
Q

Enzyme portion

A

Apoenzyme

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9
Q

Apoenzyme + Coenzyme = ___________

A

Holoenzyme

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10
Q

Functions of Enzyme Classification

Oxidoreductases: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Transferases: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Hydrolases: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Lyase: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Isomerases: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Ligase: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Oxidoreductases: removal or addition of electrons (REDOX)
Transferases: Transfer of chemical grp (except H) from substrate to substrate
Hydrolases: Splitting of bond by addition of water
Lyase: Removal of chemical grp w/o hydrolysis
Isomerases: change arrangement of substrate compound
Ligase: Synthesis or Joining of two substrate

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11
Q

Theory which the shape of the enzyme (lock) must fit with the substrate (key)

A

Lock and Key Theory (Emil Fischer)

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12
Q

Temperature at which Enzymes are ACTIVE

A

25C, 30C, 37C

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13
Q

Optimum temperature for Enzyme Activity

A

37C

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14
Q

Temperature at which enzyme starts to denaturate

A

40C - 50C

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15
Q

Temperature at which enzyme is INACTIVATED

A

60C - 65C

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16
Q

Function of Creatinine Kinase

A

Transfer of phosphate group between Creatine phosphate and ADP

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17
Q

_____________ is a sensitive indicator for AMI and Muscular Dystrophy (Duchenne disorder).

A

Creatinine Kinase

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18
Q

CK’s highest level is seen in __________________

A

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy (50-100x)

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19
Q

Different Isoenzymes of CK

A

CK 1 - CK BB
CK 2 - CK MB
CK 3 - CK MM

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20
Q

Electrophoretic Pattern of CK

A

CK BB > CK MB > CK MM

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21
Q

Predominant CK function

A

Muscle Cells

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22
Q

Brain Type - CK

A

CK BB

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23
Q

Muscle Type - CK

A

CK MM

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24
Q

Hybrid Type - CK

A

CK MB

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25
CKs major isoenzyme fraction found in striated muscle and serum
CK MM
26
Demonstration of elevated levels of CK MB, greater than or equal to _____ of the total CK, is considered to be the most specific indicator of _________________.
Specific indicator of AMI - =/> than 6%
27
Forward Reaction in CK Determination
Tanzer-Gilbarg Assay
28
Reverse Reaction in CK Determination
Oliver-Rosalky Assay
29
Most commonly used in CK Determination
Oliver-Rosalky Assay
30
It partially restore lost activity of CK
Cleland's reagent and Glutathione
31
Added in Reverse reaction (Oliver-Rosalky) that inhibits adenylate Kinase
Adenosine monophosphate
32
______________ is released after red cell lysis and reacts with ADP to produce ATP
Adenylate Kinase
33
Contains no CK
Liver Cells | RBCs
34
Catalyzes the interconversion of lactic acid and pyruvic acid
Lactate dehydrogenase
35
Highest level of LDH is seen in __________________ & __________, increased from 10-50x
Pernicious Anemia | Hemolytic Disorders
36
LDH is tenfold increase in _____________ & ___________
Hepatic Carcinoma | Toxic Hepatitis
37
LDH Isoenzymes & Chain Composition ``` LDH 1: ______ LDH 2: ______ LDH 3: ______ LDH 4: ______ LDH 5: ______ ```
LDH Isoenzymes & Chain Composition ``` LDH 1: HHHH LDH 2: HHHM LDH 3: HHMM LDH 4: HMMM LDH 5: MMMM ```
38
Most abundant and Major Isoenzyme of LDH
LDH 2
39
LDH isoenzyme that is relatively abundant in cardiac muscles
LDH 1
40
LDH isoenzyme that is more abundant in skeletal muscle
LDH 5
41
Tissue Sources LDH 1 &2: _________, _________, _________ LDH 3: _________, _________, _________ LDH 4 & 5: _________, _________, _________
LDH 1 &2: Heart, RBC, Kidney LDH 3: Lungs, Pancreas, Lymphocytes, Spleen LDH 4 & 5: Skeletal muscle, Liver, Intestines
42
Flipped Pattern: ____________ is associated to - AMI and Hemolytic Anemia
LDH 1 > LDH 2
43
Electrophoretic pattern of LDH isoenzyme | SLOWEST --------- FASTEST
LDH 5 > LDH 4 > LDH 3 > LDH 2 > LDH 1
44
LDH isoenzyme concentration in Normal Serum
LDH 2 > LDH 1 > LDH 3 > LDH 4 > LDH 5
45
Forward Reaction: LDH Determination
Walker Method
46
Reverse Reaction: LDH Determination
Wrobleuski La due Method
47
Preferred Method in LDH Determination
Wrobleuski La due Method
48
A substrate added to lactate which have greater affinity to H subunits
a-hysroxybutyrate
49
AST is also known as ______________
SGOT
50
AST - Major isoenzymes
Cytoplasmic | Mitochondrial
51
AST - Major Tissue Sources
HEART**more cardiac specific** Liver Skeletal muscle
52
AST - Clinical Significance
AMI Hepatocellular disorders Skeletal muscle involvement - Reyes Syndrome
53
AST starts to rise in AMI within _________ hrs
6-8 hrs
54
Peak of AST levels in AMI
24 hrs
55
Method used in AST determination
Karmen Method & Frankel
56
Karmen method uses __________________ as an indicator reaction to monitor change in absorbance at 340 nm
Malate Dehydrogenase
57
ALT is also known as ______
SGPT
58
Major Tissue Source of ALT
LIVER
59
More Liver specific than AST
ALT
60
Highest elevation of ALT is found in __________
Acute Liver Hepatitis
61
Method used in ALTDetermination
Rietman & Frankel
62
____________ ratio between AST and ALT which is useful in determining the cause of Liver disease
De Ritis Ratio
63
ALP Isoenzymes
Intestinal ALP Placental ALP Liver ALP Bone ALP
64
Most predominamt fractions of ALP
Liver and Bone
65
Carcinoplacental ALP
Regan Nagao Kasahara
66
Electrophoretic pattern of ALP isoenzymes *cathode ----- anode*
Intestinal > Placental > Bone > Liver
67
Most Heat Stable NORMAL ALP Isoenzyme
Placenta
68
Heat stability of ALP Isoenzyme
Placenta > Intestinal > Liver > Bone
69
Most Heat stable ALP isoenzyme among all
Regan ALP
70
Chemical Inhibited by Phenylalanine
Regan Intestinal Placental
71
Chemically Inhibited by 3M Urea
Bone
72
Chemically inhibited by Levamisole
Liver | Bone
73
Highest Elevation of ALP seen in Bone Disorders
Paget's Disease (Osteitis deformans)
74
Increased ALP can be seen in:
Osteoblastic acitivity Kids Growth Adults > 50 y.o. Pregnancy (16-20 weeks)
75
Reference method for ALP Determination
Bowers and McComb
76
Substrate used in Bessy Lowry and Brock & Bowers and McComb
p-nirophenyl phoshatase
77
Enzyme used for rape cases
ACP
78
Major source of ACP
Prostate
79
ACP is most significant in ______________
Prostatic Carcinoma
80
ACP is also increased in: 1. ________________ 2. ________________
Gaucher Disease | Nieman's Pick Disease
81
Electrophoretic Separation of ACP source which remains in tge ORIGIN
Erythrocytic (RBC)
82
Electrophoretic separation of ACP sources that have greter MOBILITY
Prostatic
83
Prostate ACP is inhibited by ___________
L-tartrate
84
Inhibited by 2% formaldehyde and Cupric Sulfate solution
Erythrocytic
85
Specific substrate for ALP
p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pnp)
86
Specific substrate for ACP
Thymolphthalein monophosphate
87
Substrate used in ACP for continuous monitoring
a-naphthol phosphate
88
Isoenzymes of AMYLASE
Salivary - Ptyalin | Pancreatic - Amylopectin
89
Used for EARLY DETECTION of PANCREATITIS (Acute) or a screening test for Acute Pancreatitis
Amylase
90
Most specific for Pancreatitis
Lipase
91
Referemce Method for Lipase Determination
Cherry Crandal
92
Substrate used in Lipase Determination
Olive Oil
93
NBS marker
G6PD
94
GGT is sensitive marker for ________________ and _____________
Occult Alcoholism | Acute Alcoholic Hepatitis
95
Biliary Obstruction
Increase - ALP, GGT
96
Pseudocholinesterase is a marker for _______________
Insectecide/Pesticide Poisoning
97
Marker for Wilson's Disease
Ceruloplasmin

Clinical Chemistry (20 decks)

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