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PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) > adaptive immune system > Flashcards

adaptive immune system Flashcards

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1
Q

the two types of response produced by the adaptive immune system

A

humoral and cell mediated response

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2
Q

the two main characteristics of the adaptive immune system

A

specificity
memory

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3
Q

the main cells of the adaptive immune system

A

lymphocytes

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4
Q

the two main types of lymphocytes in the adaptive immune system

A

B and T cells

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5
Q

functions of the B cells

A

Production of antibodies
Antigen presentation Cytokine secretion

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6
Q

where are B cells produced
where do they mature
what type of immune response do they produce

A

in the bone marrow

bone marrow

humoral response

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7
Q

functions of an antibody

A

agglutination
opsonisation
immunological memory
activation of immune cells
neutralisation
killing pathogens

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8
Q

state as many features of antibodies that you know(including the basic structure)

A

Y-shaped proteins

consist of 4 polypeptide chains held together by disulphide bonds

the polypeptides are grouped into two heavy and light chains

both chains are made up of a variable site and a constant site (domain)

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9
Q

what feature of antibodies allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens

A

Enormous diversity of antibody paratopeson the antigen-binding fragments of the antibodies

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10
Q

the major blood immunoglobin

A

IgG antibody

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11
Q

the IgG antibody is an opsonin, true or false

A

true

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12
Q

name one of the unique functions of IgG that differentiates it from other Immunoglobins

A

its ability to cross the placenta during maternal-foetal transfer.

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13
Q

the earliest Ig to be produced after contact with a new antigen

A

IgM antibody

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14
Q

on which cells are IgM antibodies expressed

A

B cells

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15
Q

other functions of the IgG

A

opsonisation
complement fixation

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16
Q

other functions of the IgM

A

agglutination
complement fixation

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17
Q

the IgM antibody is pentameric, true or false

A

true

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18
Q

is IgA a dimer or a monomer

A

dimer

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19
Q

monomer units of IgA

A

Serum IgA

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20
Q

second most prevalent immunoglobin in the serum

A

IgA

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21
Q

unique function of the IgA antibody

A

protects external or mucosal surfaces

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22
Q

which immunoglobin has an unknown function

A

IgD

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23
Q

which antibody is THOUGHT to be the B cell receptor for antigens

A

IgD

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24
Q

IgD is thought to be expressed on which types of cells

A

B cells

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25
clonal selection
a process in immunology where the immune system responds to specific threats by selecting and multiplying immune cells with receptors that recognize the encountered antigens (foreign substances)
26
clonal expansion
refers to the rapid proliferation or multiplication of a specific type of immune cell, forming a population of identical cells, known as a clone
27
the T in T cells stands for
Thymus
28
where do t-cells originate from, and mature
the bone marrow in the thymus
29
can the T cells bind to free antigens in the body
no
30
the two main types of T cells
Killer T cells (CD8) Helper T cells(CD4)
31
the structural variation between CD8 and CD4
CD8 is a glycoprotein composed of two chains, an alpha chain, and a beta chain, which are linked together. It forms a heterodimer while CD4 is a glycoprotein composed of four immunoglobulin-like domains and is associated with a single transmembrane chain. It forms a monomer.
32
functions of CD4
Secrete small proteins called cytokines Activate immune response by activating other immune cell
33
functions of CD8
Destroy virally infected cells and tumour cells Implicated in transplant rejection and autoimmune disease
34
the MHC meaning
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)
35
the five classes of antibodies
IgG IgM IgD IgA IgE
35
main function of IgE
provide immunity against parasites such as Helminths
36
other functions of IgE
plays an essential role in type 1 hypersensitivity
37
in humans, MHC is also known as
human leucocyte antigen (HLA)
38
how does the binding of antibodies to antigens inactivate the antigens
by blocking the viral binding sites or bacterial antigens Agglutination of particulate antigens precipitation of soluble antigens activation of complement system
39
Most abundant immunoglobulin in serum
IgG
40
FAB region of antibody
Region that binds to an antigen
41
Epitope
Part of antigen bound by the antibody
42
Immunoglobulins present at lowest concentration of all antibody classes in the blood
IgE
43
Immunoglobulin involved in asthma and allergy prevention
IgE
44
complement fixation
Complement fixation is a process by which antibodies, specifically immunoglobulins of the IgM and IgG classes, activate the complement system
45
which type of T cells cells are implicated in transplant rejection and autoimmune diseases
CD8
46
briefly describe how the complement system works(just the main points will be enough)
The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism. It consists of a group of proteins that, when activated, work together in a cascade of events. The process begins when antibodies, particularly IgM or IgG, bind to antigens on the surface of pathogens. This binding triggers a conformational change in the antibodies, exposing a site for complement proteins. The initial complement protein, C1q, recognizes the altered antibodies and initiates the complement cascade. This cascade involves a series of enzymatic reactions that result in the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC). The MAC creates pores in the membranes of target cells, leading to their lysis. Additionally, complement activation promotes opsonization, enhancing the recognition and engulfment of pathogens by phagocytic cells. The complement system also contributes to inflammation, attracting immune cells to the site of infection. Overall, complement activation plays a crucial role in the immune response, providing a coordinated and effective defense against pathogens
47
can T cells recognise free antigens
no
48
for antigens to be recognised by T cells, what should they be associated with
MHC protein
49
on which chromosome in humans can we MHC what about in mouse
chromosome 6 chromosome 17
50
in humans the MHC is also known as
the HLA( human leucocyte antigen)
51
what are the two classes of the MHC
class I class II
52
what is a similarity between the class I and class II MHC genes
they are both polymorphic they both code for cell surface proteins
53
differences between the MHC coded proteins by class I and class II MHCs (respectively)
Class I is expressed on all nucleated cells while class II has restricted expression, found on cells in immune system Involved in antigen recognition of CD8 cells while class II Involved in antigen recognition of CD4 cells
54
examples of cells that act as APCs
Dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages, Langerhans Cells, monocytes, microglial cells
55
after a pathogen has been recognised by the cytotoxic T cells, how are the pathogens killed(outline the process)
Clonal Expansion of cytotoxic T cells Effector cytotoxic T cells approach the infected cell and release cytotoxic granules. Perforin, a protein present in the granules, forms pores in the membrane of the infected cell Through the pores created by perforin, granzymes enter the target cell. Induction of Apoptosis Macrophages or other phagocytic cells recognize and engulf the apoptotic cell debris for clearance
56
functions of caspases in apoptosis
they cleave key cellular components in the target cell, leading to DNA fragmentation.
57
which type of enzymes activate caspases
granzymes
58
vaccination
a way of stimulating the immune system to provide protection from disease caused by a pathogen without subjecting the host to disease
59
pioneer of modern vaccination
Edward jenner
60
types of vaccines
Live attenuated vaccines Inactivated vaccines (killed antigen) Subunit vaccines(purified antigens) Toxoid vaccines(inactivated toxins)
61
what are some properties of an ideal vaccine
safety price stability ease of administration
62
all nucleated cells should have which class of MHC molecule?
MHC I
63

PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) (34 decks)

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