cell death

Question 1

what causes cell stress and injury

Answer 1

Oxygen deprivation (hypoxia)
Chemical agents
Infectious agents Immunological reactions
Genetic Defects
Protein deficiencies, eg. damaged DNA

Question 2

name three of the categories in which cell injury and stress are grouped

Answer 2

nutritional imbalances
physical agents
aging

Question 3

describe cell adaptation

Answer 3

reversible changes to cells in response to environmental changes

Question 4

types of cellular adaptations

Answer 4

physiological adaptations
pathological adaptations

Question 5

physiological adaptation

Answer 5

Response to normal stimulation, example, hormones and chemical mediators

Question 6

pathological adaptations

Answer 6

Response to stress, example, modulate structure and function to escape injury

Question 7

what are the most common pathological adaptations

Answer 7

Hypertrophy (increase in cell size)
Hyperplasia (increase in cell number)
Atrophy (decrease in cell size)
Metaplasia (change in cell type)

Question 8

briefly describe hypertrophy

Answer 8

increase in cell size due to increased amounts of structural proteins and organelles in the cell. this could also lead to increase in organ size

Question 9

are there any new cells formed during hypertrophy

Answer 9

no

Question 10

when does hypertrophy occur

Answer 10

when non dividing cells are exposed to stress

Question 11

examples of non-dividing cells

Answer 11

neurons
cardiomyocytes
skeletal muscle cells
red blood cells
mature osteocytes

Question 11

causes of hypertrophy

Answer 11

Caused by increased functional demand
specific hormonal stimulation

Question 12

hyperplasia

Answer 12

increase the number of cells

Question 12

in which cells can hyperplasia take place

Answer 12

cells that can replicate

Question 13

can hyperplasia occur alongside hypertrophy

Answer 13

yes

Question 13

under which types of adaptation does hyperplasia fall

Answer 13

physiological and pathological

Question 14

examples of physiological hyperplasia

Answer 14

hormonal and compensatory hyperplasia

Question 15

examples of pathological hyperplasia

Answer 15

Excessive hormone or growth factor stimulation e.g.HPV causes skin warts

Question 16

dysplasia

Answer 16

a term used in medicine to describe the abnormal development, growth, or organization of cells within a tissue or an organ.

Question 17

how can hyperplasia lead to dysplasia

Answer 17

if the cells that undergo hyperplasia become irreversible, then that can lead to dysplasia

Question 18

what chronic condition could dysplasia cause

Answer 18

cancer

Question 19

Atrophy

Answer 19

Decrease in size of cells (shrink) by loss of cell substance. this could lead to decrease in size of organ

Question 20

what does atrophy in cells lead to

Answer 20

reduced protein synthesis and increased degradation

Question 21

do cells die during atrophy

Answer 21

no

Question 22

literal meaning of autophagy

Answer 22

"Self eating"

Question 23

conditions that atrophy could lead to

Answer 23

aging and reduced blood supply decreased workload, for example, immobilisation of the limbs in fracture cast

Question 24

metaplasia

Answer 24

a process in which one mature or fully differentiated cell type within a specific tissue or organ is replaced by another mature cell type

Question 25

what is metaplasia believed to be a result of

Answer 25

change in gene expression

Question 26

what can metaplasia lead to

Answer 26

reduced function or increased chance of malignant transformation

Question 27

what are the two types of cell death

Answer 27

apoptosis necrosis

Question 28

necrosis

Answer 28

a form of cell death that occurs as a result of premature and uncontrolled cell damage, typically due to external factors or harmful influences

Question 29

apoptosis

Answer 29

a highly regulated and programmed process of cell death that plays a fundamental role in maintaining the health and homeostasis of multicellular organisms.

Question 30

is necrosis a physiological process

Answer 30

no, it is always a pathological process

Question 31

morphological alterations that could lead to irreversible cell injury(necrosis)

Answer 31

Nuclear shrinkage, fragmentation and dissolution Breakdown of plasma and organelle membranes Leakage and enzymatic digestion of cellular contents

Question 32

what type of cell death is also termed as cell suicide

Answer 32

apoptosis

Question 33

physiological conditions that could induce apoptosis

Answer 33

Cellular stress response Cellular aging Immune system regulation Tissue remodelling Embryonic development

Question 34

pathological conditions that could induce apoptosis

Answer 34

Cellular stress Cancer treatment DNA damage Autoimmune disorders Neurodegenerative disease