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PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) > THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Flashcards

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards

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1
Q

the endocrine system

A

a complex and critical regulatory system in the human body, responsible for controlling and coordinating various physiological processes through the secretion and circulation of hormones

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2
Q

the endocrine system is often referred to as a ductless system, true or false

A

true

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3
Q

endocrine glands are ductless, true or false

A

true

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4
Q

the pancreas has endocrine and exocrine functions, true or false

A

true

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5
Q

name some purely endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands Adrenal: 2 glands(medulla and cortex)

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6
Q

name some endocrine cells that are also found in other cells

A

Pancreas
Thymus
Gonads
Hypothalamus

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7
Q

what are the components of the endocrine system

A

endocrine glands
hormones

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8
Q

how does the endocrine system act as a communication system

A

through hormonal signalling(chemical systems)

through remote communication systems, which provide the means to control a huge number of physiological processes

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9
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands comprised of endocrine cells

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10
Q

endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood stream, true or false

A

true

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11
Q

pheromones

A

chemical substances produced and released by animals and even some plants to communicate with others of the same species. They are released outside of the body

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12
Q

hormones can act on both local and distant target cells, true or false

A

true

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13
Q

autocrine signalling

A

this is when hormones are released by a cell to activate the same cell

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14
Q

paracrine signalling

A

when hormones are released by a cell to activate neighbouring cells

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15
Q

target cells

A

Target cells refer to cells that contain specific receptors (binding sites)for a particular hormone.

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16
Q

all cell types respond in the same way to the same hormone, true or false

A

false

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17
Q

which 3 types of hormones are typically considered as the most important

A

Peptide Hormones
Amino Acid Derivatives
Steroid Hormones

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18
Q

what are some actions carried out by hormones

A

Fetal development and differentiation
Cell growth and cancer Metabolism
Cardiovascular function Renal function
Skeletal function Reproductive function Immune function
Central nervous system function

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19
Q

lipophilic hormones
examples
which receptors do they bind to

A

fat-soluble hormones

steroid hormones, thyroid hormones

intracellular receptors

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20
Q

hydrophilic hormones
examples
what receptors do they bind to

A

water- soluble hormones

all other hormones apart from steroid and thyroid hormones

binds to extracellular receptors

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21
Q

peptide hormones

where are they synthesized

where are they stored

lipophilic or hydrophilic

where are receptors found on target cells

A

hormones that are comprised of chains of amino acids

Synthesized on ribosomes of the (rough) ER of endocrine cells

Can be stored in vesicles in endocrine cells

water soluble

Receptors are found on the cell surface of their target cells.(extracellular)

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22
Q

vasopressin hormones are also known as

A

antidiuretic hormones

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23
Q

the types of amino acid derivative hormones

A

tyrosine derivatives
tryptophan derivatives

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24
Q

the two most important tyrosine-derived hormones

A

Catecholamines, e.g, epinephrine(adrenaline), norepinephrine(noradrenaline), and dopamine

Thyroid Hormones, e.g, T4(Thyroxine) and T3(Triiodothyronine)

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25
the two most important examples of tryptophan-derived enzymes
melatonin serotonin
26
steroid hormones produced by? derived from? can they be stored in vesicles? where are it's receptors located on target cells?
a class of hormones that are derived from cholesterol and have a characteristic chemical structure the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and the kidneys. cholesterol no inside the target cells
27
why can steroid hormones not be stored in vesicles
because; they are highly lipid soluble, and can therefore easily diffuse through the cell membrane, without needing any vesicular storage they are also produced on demand, and are synthesised only when needed, rather than being synthesised and needing to be stored in vesicles for later release
28
homeostasis
a fundamental biological concept that refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable and balanced internal environment despite changes and challenges in the external environment.
29
negative feedback
turns off a signal in response to a change in the body. it is homeostatic
30
positive feedback
where a signal amplifies a signal (vicious cycle).I.e. Child birth. Not homeostatic
31
chromaffin cells
are neuroendocrine cells found in the medulla of the adrenal glands Adrenal gland functions?
32
neurohormones
a special category of hormones that are produced and released by nerve cells (neurons) rather than endocrine glands
33
examples of neurohormones
oxytocin vasopressin Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) etc
34
where are neurohormones released into
the bloodstream, instead of the synaptic cleft
35
which type of cells synthesise and release catecholamines
chromaffin cells
36
the neurohormones, oxytocin and vasopressin are stored where?
in the posterior pituitary gland
37
where particularly in the brain are neurohormones produced
hypothalamus
38
where are releasing hormones produced where do they exert their hormonal action
hypothalamus in the anterior pituitary gland
39
the mechanisms of hormone release(and their description)
humoral(in response to changing levels of ions or nutrients in the blood) neural( in response stimulation by nerves) hormonal(in response to stimulation received from other hormones)
40
which components of the brain work together as the main regulators of the endocrine system
hypothalamus and pituitary gland
41
what is the size of the pituitary gland, and where is it located
it is pea-sized, and located in the base of the skull(sella turcica), underneath the brain and behind the bridge of the nose.
42
the anterior pituitary gland is aka
adenohypophysis
43
the pituitary gland is also known as the
hypophysis
44
the posterior pituitary gland is aka
neurohypophysis
45
name five functions(or more) of the hypothalamus
Regulation of Body Temperature Control of Hunger and Satiety: Sleep-Wake Cycle Regulation Water Balance and Thirst Endocrine Function via Pituitary Gland Emotional and Behavioral Responses Control of Autonomic Nervous System Reproduction and Sexual Function Integration of Neuroendocrine Responses
46
which part of the brain is the Posterior pituitary gland attached to
the hypothalamus
47
briefly describe what you know about the anterior pituitary gland
The anterior of the pituitary gland is composed of six distinctive endocrinocytes (one for each hormone) Under control by the hormones released by the hypothalamus
48
function of the hypophyseal portal system
serves as a specialized vascular connection that enables precise and rapid communication between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary.
49
where are peptide hormones synthesized and stored in the posterior pituitary gland
Peptide hormones are synthesized in the cell bodies of hypothalamic neurons they are stored in the axon terminals of these neurons
50
where in the brain do cell bodies and axon terminals of the hypothalamic neurons lie
cell bodies lie within the hypothalamus and axon terminals lie within the posterior pituitary gland
51
when activated, where are hormones released from the axon terminal of hypothalamic neurons into
the hypophyseal vein
52
functions of trophic hormones
they regulate the functions of other hormones
53
hormones found in the posterior pituitary gland
ADH and oxytocin
54
hormones found in the anterior pituitary gland
TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone LH: luteinizing hormone PRL: prolactin GH: growth hormone
55
which hormones in the anterior pituitary gland are classified as trophic hormones
TSH ACTH FSH LH
56
function of prolactin and in which gender it is found
breast development and milk production found in males and females
57
function of GH
growth and puberty. Levels decrease throughout the lifespan
58
function of ACTH
stimulates the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids. Important for responding to stress
59
function of LH
Triggers ovulation (f)and stimulates androgen (m)secretion by the testis
60
function of FSH
Stimulates growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, and oestrogen production from ovaries (f) and FSH stimulates the testes, specifically the Sertoli cells within the testes, to support spermatogenesis (m)
61
function of TSH
stimulates thyroid to release thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormones involved in regulating metabolism
62
function of ADH
water retention and vessel constriction
63
function of oxytocin
uterine contraction ,milk ejection during breast feeding, fosters social interaction
64
what are the two classes of hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
releasing hormones(RH) inhibiting hormones(IH)
65
functions of the releasing hormones
stimulate the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones at the anterior pituitary
66
functions of IH(inhibiting hormone)
prevent the synthesis and secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary
67
the hypothalamus receives input from?
the cortex thalamus limbic system
68
what are some examples of stimulating hormones and their functions (at least three)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)- release of TSH Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)- release of FSH and LH Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)- release of GH Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)- release of ACTH Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)- release of prolactin
69
some examples of inhibiting hormones and their functions
Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone GHIH- inhibit GH Dopamine – inhibit prolactin
70
what would happen if the pituitary gland fails
Diabetes insipidus due to too little ADH Acromegaly due to too much GH in adulthood Gigantism due to too much GH in childhood
71
what are the two hormones produced by the thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone(TH) Calcitonin
72
what causes gigantism and acromegaly
tumours of the anterior pituitary gland
73
cells that produce calcitonin
Parafollicular “C” cells
74
cells t produce thyroglobulin
follicle cells
75
prohormone
a substance that the body can convert into a hormone. prohormones have minimal hormonal effects by themselves
76
which one between the thyroid hormones T4 and T3 is a prohormone
T4
77
which is more stable, T3 or T4
T4 is more stable than T3. T3 has a vey shore half life
78
which between T3 and T4 acts as a reservoir for the other
T4
79
primary action of T3 and T4
to increase body BMR (Basal metabolism rate)
80
how is calcitonin release related to calcium ions
they are released when calcium levels are high
81
function of calcitonin
involved in calcium and phosphorus metabolism
82

PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) (34 decks)

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