THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 1

components of the central nervous system

Answer 1

brain and spinal cord

Question 2

components of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

Nerves outside the CNS Nerves extending to & from the brain and spinal cord

Question 3

the three main functions of the nervous system(brief description)

Answer 3

Sensory: Afferent neurons transmit sensory information

Processing: CNS processes incoming sensory information & responds

Motor: Efferent neurons transmit motor signals

Question 4

the two parts of sensory nervous system

Answer 4

somatic and visceral

Question 5

somatic sensory nervous system

Answer 5

This system is associated with the conscious(voluntary) perception of sensory information from the external environment and the body.

Question 6

visceral sensory nervous system

Answer 6

The visceral sensory system, also known as the internal or autonomic sensory system, deals with sensory information from the internal organs (viscera), such as the heart, lungs, stomach, and intestines.

Question 7

the two parts of sensory nervous system

Answer 7

somatic and visceral

Question 8

somatic motor nervous system

Answer 8

The somatic motor system controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscle

Question 9

visceral motor nervous system

Answer 9

The autonomic motor system, often referred to simply as the autonomic nervous system (ANS), controls involuntary functions and regulates internal organs, glands, and smooth muscles.

Question 10

the functional unit of the nervous system

Answer 10

neurons

Question 11

key features or properties of neurons

Answer 11

longevity
do not divide
high metabolic rate

Question 12

why do neurons stay the same for a long time (longevity)

Answer 12

they lose their mitotic ability after differentiation

The stability of neurons is critical for memory and learning processes

Question 13

chromatophilic bodies

Answer 13

Clusters of rough ER and ribosomes

Question 14

ganglia

Answer 14

clusters of cell bodies in PNS

Question 15

general components of a typical neuron

Answer 15

cell bodies
myelin sheath
nodes of Ranvier
Schwann cells
Dendrites
axon
axon terminals

Question 16

function of dendrites

Answer 16

Transmit electrical signals toward the cell body

Question 17

function of axon

Answer 17

Transmits action potentials away from cell body

Question 18

how many axons does each neuron have

Answer 18

one, but they can branch

Question 19

synapse

Answer 19

the region where an axon terminal communicates with it’s post synaptic target neuron

Question 20

classes of neurons

Answer 20

bipolar
Pseudounipolar
multipolar
unipolar

Question 21

features of Pseudounipolar neurons

Answer 21

they have a single axon

it’s axon branches to connect to the CNS neurons

Question 22

what type of neurons are Pseudounipolar neurons found as

Answer 22

Sensory neurons

Question 23

features of a bipolar neuron

Answer 23

single axon
single dendrite
they are rare

Question 24

which type of neurons are bipolar neurons found as

Answer 24

sensory neurons

Question 25

features of multipolar neurons

Answer 25

multiple dendrites single axon

Question 26

multipolar neurons are found as which type of neurons

Answer 26

interneurons and motor neurons

Question 27

in which type of nervous system are interneurons normally found

Answer 27

the CNS

Question 28

interneurons are aka

Answer 28

relay neurons

Question 29

glial cells

Answer 29

non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection to neurons in the nervous system

Question 30

the 6 types of cells that the glial cells are comprised of

Answer 30

Astrocytes Microglia Oligodendrocytes Ependymal Schwann cells Satellite cells

Question 31

glial cells are divided into two parts, name them.

Answer 31

neuroglial cells non-neuroglial cells

Question 32

which of the 6 cell types of fall under the neuroglial cells

Answer 32

astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglial ependymal

Question 33

which of the 6 cell types of fall under the non-neuroglial cells

Answer 33

Schwann cells satellite cells

Question 34

in which type of nervous system are neuroglial cells found

Answer 34

in the CNS

Question 35

in which type of nervous system are non-neuroglial cells found

Answer 35

PNS

Question 36

functions of the ependymal cells

Answer 36

creates barriers between cell compartments they are a source of neural stem cells

Question 37

functions of astrocytes

Answer 37

they are a source of neural stem cells they take up K+, water and neurotransmitters they secrete neurotrophic factors they help form the blood-brain barrier they provide substrates for ATP production

Question 38

functions of microglia cells

Answer 38

they act as scavengers

Question 39

function of oligodendrocytes

Answer 39

they form myelin sheaths

Question 40

functions of Schwann cells

Answer 40

they form myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons they secrete neurotrophic factors they assist neuronal repair

Question 41

functions of satellite cells

Answer 41

they support cell bodies

Question 42

advantages of myelinated cells

Answer 42

they conduct nervous impulses more rapidly, and enable saltatory conduction

Question 43

neurotrophic factors

Answer 43

a family of proteins that play a crucial role in the growth, survival, and maintenance of neurons

Question 44

our of all the neuron classes, which one is unmyelinated

Answer 44

pseudounipolar neurons

Question 45

white matter is comprised of which parts of neurons? while grey matter is comprised of?

Answer 45

myelin cell bodies and dendrites

Question 46

the forms of nervous signals

Answer 46

electrical and chemical

Question 47

chemical signalling in the nervous system is one-way, true or false?

Answer 47

true

Question 48

electrical signalling in the nervous system is one-way, true or false

Answer 48

false can be either one way(unidirectional) or two way(bidirectional)

Question 49

gap junction

Answer 49

a specialized intercellular communication structure formed by the interaction of connexins, transmembrane proteins that create channels connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

Question 50

connexon

Answer 50

a channel formed by six connexins

Question 51

how many connexons combine to form a gap junction channel

Answer 51

two

Question 52

which particles can gap functions facilitate the exchange of?

Answer 52

major cellular ions and many small organic molecules

Question 53

cells connected by gap junctions are said to be............................ coupled

Answer 53

electrically

Question 54

what are some cells that use the gap junctions

Answer 54

GI epithelium Skin epithelium Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle

Question 55

what are some advantages of electrical transmission in the nervous system

Answer 55

Bidirectional Communication between cells Electrical signals can travel at high speeds through the axons of neurons enables continuous signalling simultaneous action potential generations

Question 56

state the approximate sizes of; gap junctions synaptic cleft

Answer 56

3.5nm wide 20-50nm wide

Question 57

major neurotransmitters within the CNS

Answer 57

GABA Glutamate Ach Serotonin Noradrenaline Adrenaline

Question 58

major neurotransmitters within the CNS AND PNS

Answer 58

Acetylcholine Noradrenaline

Question 58

the calcium gated channels are said to be voltage gated, true or false

Answer 58

true

Question 59

name three ways by which neurotransmitters are taken away from the synapse

Answer 59

Diffusion reuptake Enzymatic degradation

Question 60

enzymatic degradation

Answer 60

the process by which enzymes break down complex molecules into simpler ones.

Question 61

ionotropic receptors aka

Answer 61

ligand gated ion channels

Question 62

metabotropic receptors aka

Answer 62

G-protein coupled receptors

Question 63

which is more selective to ions, ionotropic or voltage gated channels

Answer 63

voltage gated channels

Question 64

GPCRs can also be presynaptic, true or false

Answer 64

true