Introduction to respiratory diseases

Question 1

give some examples of respiratory diseases

Answer 1

Influenza
Pneumonia Tuberculosis
Asthma
COPD(Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
Lung Cancer

Question 2

organisms capable of infecting the respiratory tract

Answer 2

bacteria
viruses(makes up most of the pathogens that infect the URT)
fungi

Question 3

in which conditions might an organism surpass the defense mechanisms of the lower respiratory tract

Answer 3

if the defense mechanisms are weakened
if the organism is particularly virulent
if the organism is present in large numbers

virulent(of a disease or poison): extremely severe or harmful in its effects.

Question 4

factors that might weaken the defence barriers of the respiratory system

Answer 4

Cigarette smoking, which can paralyze the cilia lining cells of the respiratory passages and impair removal of secretions, particles and microorganisms.

The presence of a respiratory pathogen such as the cold or influenza virus

Immunosuppression…etc

Question 5

influenza symptoms

Answer 5

Headache
Fever
chills
Muscle aches
Nasal discharge
Unproductive cough
Sore throat

Question 6

what is the consequence when the influenza virus affects the tissue of the lung itself

Answer 6

leads to viral pneumonia, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), Exacerbation of Underlying Respiratory Conditions

Question 7

three treatments of influenza

Answer 7

Bed rest, fluids, warmth Antiviral drugs
Influenza vaccine

Question 8

will the influenza vaccine be effective against strains that are not present in the vaccine

Answer 8

no

Question 9

pneumonia

Answer 9

a respiratory infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus, causing symptoms such as cough, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.

Question 10

microorganisms that can cause pneumonia

Answer 10

bacteria
viruses
fungi

Question 11

symptoms of pneumonia

Answer 11

cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, fever, chills, and fatigue, loss of appetite

Question 12

general methods of treatment for pneumonia

Answer 12

Antibiotics Medication
Oxygen Therapy
Airway Clearance Therapy
Fluid Management

Question 13

ways to prevent pneumonia

Answer 13

vaccination
washing hands
using masks
quitting smoking

Question 14

name of the bacteria that causes pneumonia

Answer 14

often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, but other bacteria like Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus can also be responsible

Question 15

bacteria that causes tuberculosis

Answer 15

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 16

can tuberculosis be fatal

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

some risk factors of TB

Answer 17

Institutionalized patients
Intravenous drug use
HIV or other immunodeficiency
Travel to high-risk regions

think about how they serve as risk factors to TB

Question 18

how do we contract TB

Answer 18

generally spread through the air when aperson who has TB disease frequently sneezes,coughs, speaks or sings near others for a long period of time. Persons who breathe in air containing TB germs can become infected with TB

Question 19

symptoms of active TB

Answer 19

loss of appetite
coughing up blood
chest pains during breathing
fatigue
night sweats
prolonged and persistent coughing
unintended weight loss

Question 20

the range of time during which TB could be cured with medication

Answer 20

6-12 months

Question 21

drugs used in the intensive(initial) phase of TB treatment

lasts for the first 2 months of treatment

Answer 21

Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide

these drugs are classed as antimycobacterials

Question 22

medication used in the continuation phase of TB treatment

this phase usually lasts between 4-6 months

Answer 22

Rifampicin, Ethambutol(optional), Pyrazinamide

Question 23

asthma

Answer 23

a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation of the airways, leading to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing

Question 24

is the obstruction of the airway during asthma reversible?

Answer 24

yes

Question 25

name three factors that lead to the difficulty in breathing in asthma

Answer 25

Inflammation (swelling) Mucus in the airways Tightening of muscles around the airways

Question 26

symptoms of asthma

Answer 26

chest tightness shortness of breath difficulty breathing coughing a wheezing or whistling sound in the chest

Question 27

what are some common asthma triggers

Answer 27

allergy pollution pollen dust stress

Question 28

CAN ASTHMA BE CURED

Answer 28

No but can be controlled

Question 29

some ways to control asthma

Answer 29

avoiding triggers usage of medications to control symptoms

Question 30

the two classifications of drugs that are usually used in asthma treatment

Answer 30

long-term drugs quick-relief drugs

Question 31

# there are five checkpoints to define this complete control of asthma is defined as

Answer 31

No daytime symptoms No night-time waking due to asthma No need for rescue medication No asthma attacks No limitations on activity including exercise

Question 32

treatment for asthma

Answer 32

usage of long-term drugs and quick-relief drugs inhalers

Question 33

types of viruses that cause influenza

Answer 33

there are 4 influenza virus A, B , C D ## Footnote B primarily infects humans, while A infects most animals(including humans). C infects humans too but D is not known to do so. most common one that causes influenza is A

Question 34

describe how the mantoux skin test works ## Footnote this is the diagnostic test for TB

Answer 34

The Mantoux skin test is a diagnostic tool for tuberculosis (TB). A small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) is injected under the skin, usually on the forearm. A positive reaction, indicated by a raised, red bump, suggests exposure to the TB bacterium. The size of the bump is measured within 48 to 72 hours to assess the individual's immune response and potential TB infection.

Question 35

what are some of the things a patient can do when they have asthma

Answer 35

Identify and minimize contact with your asthmatrigger(s) Understand and take asthma medications as prescribed Recognize early signs that your asthma is getting worse Know what to do when your asthma is getting worse