exam practice mistakes(first semester ) Flashcards
Which antiplatelet medication is commonly used in ACS to prevent further thrombus formation?
a) Warfarin
b) Aspirin
c) Clopidogrel
d) Heparin
B
What is the initial pharmacological treatment strategy for a patient with ACS upon presentation to the emergency department?
a) Beta-blockers
b) Thrombolytics
c) Calcium channel blockers
d) Nitroglycerin and antiplatelet therapy
D
Which cardiac biomarker is considered a sensitive indicator for myocardial injury in the early stages of ACS?
a) Troponin
b) Myoglobin
c) Creatine kinase (CK)
d) Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
A
Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland and regulates sleep-wake cycles?
a) Melatonin
b) Serotonin
c) Dopamine
d) Endorphin
A
What is the primary function of the adrenal cortex?
a) Producing adrenaline
b) Regulating metabolism
c) Maintaining electrolyte balance
d) Controlling growth hormone
C
Calcitonin is produced by which gland?
a) Thyroid
b) Parathyroid
c) Adrenal cortex
d) Pancreas
A
The adrenal medulla primarily produces:
a) Cortisol
b) Aldosterone
c) Adrenaline and noradrenaline
d) Insulin
C
Which hormone plays a key role in the body’s response to inflammation and stress?
a) Cortisol
b) Insulin
c) Adrenaline
d) Thyroxine
A
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of milk from the mammary glands during breastfeeding?
a) Oxytocin
b) Prolactin
c) Estrogen
d) Progesterone
A
which hormone stimulates milk production, and which stimulates milk secretion/ release during breastfeeding
prolactin
oxytocin
The condition characterized by excess production of cortisol, often due to a tumor in the adrenal glands, is known as:
a) Cushing’s syndrome
b) Addison’s disease
c) Graves’ disease
d) Hypothyroidism
A
During which phase of the cell cycle do Cyclin E-CDK2 complexes become active?
a) G1 phase
b) S phase
c) G2 phase
d) M phase
A
Which CDK is associated with the regulation of both the G1/S and G2/M transitions?
a) CDK1
b) CDK2
c) CDK4
d) CDK6
A
Which CDK inhibitor is known to inhibit Cyclin A-CDK2 complexes?
a) p16
b) p21
c) p27
d) p53
a
During the M phase, which cyclin-CDK complex is crucial for entry into mitosis?
a) Cyclin A-CDK2
b) Cyclin B-CDK1
c) Cyclin D-CDK4/6
d) Cyclin E-CDK2
B
What is the role of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex (APC) during the cell cycle?
a) Initiating DNA synthesis
b) Regulating G1 to S phase transition
c) Inducing mitosis
d) Controlling protein degradation
D
Which CKI is known to inhibit multiple Cyclin-CDK complexes and is often associated with tumor suppression?
a) p16
b) p21
c) p27
d) p53
C
Which of the following events is controlled by Cyclin B-CDK1 complexes during mitosis?
a) DNA replication
b) Chromosome condensation
c) G1 to S phase transition
d) G2 to M phase transition
B
In response to DNA damage, which protein activates p53, leading to cell cycle arrest?
a) ATM kinase
b) Cyclin D
c) CDK2
d) APC complex
A
Which pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are found on the surface of macrophages and recognize bacterial components?
a) Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
b) NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
c) RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs)
d) Scavenger receptors
A
Which class of antibodies is the first to be produced during an initial immune response and isotype switching?
a) IgA
b) IgD
c) IgM
d) IgG
c
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves IgE antibodies and mast cells?
a) Type I
b) Type II
c) Type III
d) Type IV
A
Which complement pathway is activated by antibody-antigen complexes?
a) Classical pathway
b) Alternative pathway
c) Lectin pathway
d) Opsonization pathway
A
Which cells play a crucial role in presenting antigens to CD8+ T cells during viral infections?
a) Macrophages
b) B cells
c) Dendritic cells
d) Natural killer cells
c
