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PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) > the cardiovascular system > Flashcards

the cardiovascular system Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

The main components of the CV system

A

blood
blood vessels
the heart

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2
Q

what are the two pathways(parts) of the circulatory system

A

systematic circulation
pulmonary circulation

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3
Q

where in the body does blood pick up;
oxygen
nutrients

A

the lungs

GI tract

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4
Q

the heart removes cellular waste for excretion, true or false

A

true

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5
Q

primary function of the CV system

A

the transport of materials to and from all parts of the body

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6
Q

in how many directions does blood flow, why?

A

one direction(uni-directional)

valves in the heart ensure the restriction of the backflow of blood

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7
Q

how is blood pressure affected by distance

A

BP decreases with increased distance from the heart

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8
Q

by what percentage does BP approximately decrease by from the aorta to the vena cava

A

90

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9
Q

why does blood pressure fall as it moves through blood vessels away from the heart

A

Because of friction (fluids& vessels)That friction creates a resistance (that opposes the movement)

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10
Q

myocardium

A

the muscular tissue of the heart.

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11
Q

what is the heart mainly composed of

A

the myocardium

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12
Q

where does the vena cava receive blood from

A

systematic veins

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13
Q

where does the pulmonary vein receive blood from

A

veins of the lung

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14
Q

where does the aorta send blood to

A

systematic arteries

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15
Q

the bicuspid valve is aka

A

mitral valve (left AV valve)

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16
Q

functions of the chordae tendineae

A

anchoring the valve leaflets
preventing prolapse, coordinating valve movements

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17
Q

functions of the semi-lunar valves

A

prevents the backflow of blood into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation

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18
Q

functions of the coronary artery

A

supply the heart muscle (myocardium) with oxygenated blood
nutrient delivery to the heart

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19
Q

pacemaker cells aka

A

autorhythmic cells

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20
Q

are myocardial cells contractile?

A

yes

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21
Q

function of the contractile cells

A

they provide the mechanical force of the heart, thereby leading to contraction

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22
Q

functions of autorhythmic cells

A

they induce spontaneous action potentials to coordinate contraction

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23
Q

do the autorhythmic cells contribute to the mechanical force of the heart

A

no they do not

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24
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

A

the process linking electrical signals to muscle contraction

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25
in which cells should APs be generated for there to be contraction of the heart
myocardial cells and the pacemaker cells. The heart's electrical activity is coordinated by specialized cells in the sinoatrial (SA) node, the natural pacemaker of the heart, and is then propagated to the myocardial cells.
26
outline the processes of the ECC(excitation contraction coupling )
Action Potential Initiation Opening of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels. These channels allow the influx of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) into the cell. Calcium ions induce calcium ion release through Ryanodine receptor channels this causes a calcium ion wave summed calcium ions sparks creates a calcium signal Binding of Calcium to Troponin to initiate contraction relaxation occurs when calcium ions unbind from troponin calcium ions pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage calcium ions are exchanged with sodium ions by the NCX transporter Na+ gradient maintained by Na+/ K+ pump
27
phases of action potentials in the myocardial cells(in order)
phase 4 phase 0 phase 1 phase 2 phase 3 phase 4
28
what happens in phase 4 of APs in myocardial cells
resting membrane potential
29
what happens in phase 0 of APs in myocardial cells
Depolarization
30
what happens in phase 1 of APs in myocardial cells
initial repolarization
31
what happens in phase 2 of APs in myocardial cells
This is the plateau phase on the graph. two events happen; decrease in K+ permeability(smaller outward current) Ca+ inward current
32
what happens in phase 3 of APs in myocardial cells
Repolarization. Ca+ channels close and K+ channels opens (again).Outward K+ current.
33
the mechanism of isovolumetric contraction in the heart volume changes during isovolumetric contraction
The ventricles contract, generating pressure. The AV valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria. The semilunar valves are still closed at this point. Volume Changes: The volume of blood in the ventricles remains constant during
34
the phases of action potentials in pacemaker cells in order
phase 4 phase 0 phase 3 phase 4
35
mechanism of isovolumetric relaxation in the heart volume changes during isovolumetric relaxation
The ventricles relax. The semilunar valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles. The AV valves remain closed. The volume of blood in the ventricles still remains constant during isovolumetric relaxation because no blood is entering the ventricles from the atria yet.
36
what happens in phase 0 of APs in pacemaker cells
unstable resting potential
37
what happens in phase 0 of APs in pacemaker cells
depolarization
38
what happens in phase 3 of APs in pacemaker cells
repolarization
39
what happens in phase 4 of APs in pacemaker cells
pacemaker potential: Sodium (Na⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺) channels open, allowing a slow influx of positive ions, leading to the gradual depolarization
40
do pacemaker cells have a stable resting potential
no. they instead exhibit a slow, spontaneous depolarization during diastole
41
End Diastolic volume End systolic volume
EDV refers to the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, which is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle ESV refers to the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of systole, which is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle.
42
User to decrease the bodies CO2 levels, should respiration be at a higher or lower rate
increase respiration rate
43
all blood vessels except capillaries have three tissue layers, name these layers
Inner layer: Tunica interna(intima) Middle layer: Tunica media Outer layer: tunica externa
44
70% of our blood volume is on the venous side, true or false
true
45
composition of the tunica interna of the blood vessels and their roles in the vessels
endothelial cells:control contractility basement membrane: separates the tunica interna from the tunica media internal elastic lamina: allows distension when high pressure blood is ejected from the ventricles
46
composition of the tunica media in blood vessels and their functions ## Footnote this layer is usally the thickest in the vessels
smooth muscle cells:sets the vascular tone by maintaining partial contraction of the vessel gap junctions: AP transmission elastin(elastic fibre cells)
47
composition of the tunica externa
Collagen Elastin fibre Vasa vasorum (vessels of the vessel): capillaries in large arteries and veins thatprovide oxygen and nutrients to the cells inthe tunica externa
48
# involves blood transport, etc... functions of arterioles
carry blood from arteries to capillaries. Also help to maintain blood pressure
49
which blood vessel is responsible for most of peripheral resistance
arterioles
50
below is a list of the constituents of the different blood vessels, for each constituent, name all the vessels that possesses it Endothelium: Elastic tissue: Smooth muscle: Fibrous tissue:
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins arteries and veins arteries, arterioles and veins arteries, venules and veins
51
which blood vessels regulate the MAP
arteries
52
function of capillaries
Microscopic vessels that connect arterioles to venules. Control blood distribution to organs. Monolayer- Exchange Nutrients
53
funtions of venules
drain blood from capillaries into veins
54
the most abundant protein in the blood
albumin
55
the most abundant cells in the body
erythrocytes(RBCs)
56
features of RBCs
Concave shaped cells Anucleated(lacks a nucleus) Contain Haemoglobin Account for 40-45% of blood volume
57
lifespan of RBCs in humans
Last 120 days then broken down primarily in the spleen via haemolysis. they are then recycled by macrophages
58
how many subunits does haemoglobin comprise of
4 2 alpha and 2 beta subunits
59
what does each subunit in haemoglobin contain ## Footnote each haem group can bind to an oxygen
an ironatom bound to a haem group.
60
# has to do with affinity what is meant when we say haemoglobin is an a: tensed form relaxed form
Tense(deoxygenated) form; low affinity for oxygen relaxed(oxygenated) form; high affinity for oxygen
61
in which three forms are carbon dioxide transported in the blood
in bicarbonate form in solution(dissolved Co2) when bound to Hb(Carbaminohemoglobin)
62

PJ1311 YEAR 1 (THE HUMAN BODY) (34 decks)

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