THE AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 1

autonomic nervous system

Answer 1

a division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary physiological functions to maintain internal homeostasis and respond to stress

Question 2

functions of the afferent nerve

Answer 2

carries sensory impulses to the CNS

Question 3

functions of the efferent nerve

Answer 3

carries electrical signals from the CNS to the effector

Question 4

the two main divisions or parts of the PNS

Answer 4

somatic NS
autonomic NS

Question 5

the autonomic NS is divided into

Answer 5

the adrenergic( sympathetic system)

the cholinergic(parasympathetic system)

Question 6

the motor neurons of the ANS operate via conscious control, true or false

Answer 6

false, they operate via subconscious control

Question 7

functions of the motor neurons of the ANS

Answer 7

Innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, internal organs & skin

Make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities, by carrying signals to their effectors

Question 8

the motor neurons of the ANS have …………….. as most of their effectors

Answer 8

viscera

Question 9

the unique property of somatic motor neurons

Answer 9

they are highly myelinated

Question 10

axons of the ANS are described as a two neuron chain, true or false

Answer 10

true

Question 11

similarities in properties of the preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS

Answer 11

they are myelinated

Question 12

similarities in properties of the postganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic ANS

Answer 12

they are generally unmyelinated

Question 13

which neurotransmitter do all somatic nerve cells release, what is the effect of this

Answer 13

ACh

there is stimulatory or excitatory effect

Question 14

which neurotransmitter is released by the preganglionic neurons of the ANS

Answer 14

ACh

Question 15

which neurotransmitter is released by the postganglionic neurons of the ANS

Answer 15

noradrenaline or ACh

Question 16

what effect does noradrenaline have on it’s target cells

Answer 16

an inhibitory effect

Question 17

preganglionic neurons

Answer 17

the first neurons in the two-neuron chain of the ANS

Question 18

ganglia

Answer 18

a cluster of nerve cell bodies (neurons) located outside the central nervous system (CNS)

Question 19

are adrenaline and noradrenaline considered neurotransmitters?
why

Answer 19

no, adrenaline is a hormone and noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter

because, adrenaline is released straight into the blood stream

Question 20

effector organs of the SNS

Answer 20

skeletal muscle

Question 21

Most visceral organs are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres, true or false

Answer 21

true

Question 22

the innervation of the visceral organs by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres result to?

Answer 22

dynamic antagonisms that precisely control visceral activity, thereby leading to physiological antagonism

Question 23

which ANS system causes vasodilation and are responsible for erection of the penis and clitoris

Answer 23

the parasympathetic system

Question 24

which ANS system causes ejaculation of semen in males and reflex peristalsis in females

Answer 24

the sympathetic system

Question 25

which ANS system keeps the body energy usage low

Answer 25

parasympathetic system

Question 26

which ANS system keeps the body energy usage high

Answer 26

sympathetic system

Question 27

what are some activities carried out in the parasympathetic division

Answer 27

Digestion Defaecation Diuresis:increased production or excretion of urine by the kidneys

Question 28

which ANS system largely innervates the internal organs

Answer 28

the parasympathetic

Question 29

neurotransmitter released by the preganglionic neurons parasympathetic division

Answer 29

ACh

Question 30

neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division

Answer 30

ACh

Question 31

function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS

Answer 31

responsible for the "rest and digest" functions, promoting activities that conserve and restore energy.

Question 32

which ANS division (system) is the vagal nerve a major component of

Answer 32

the parasympathetic system

Question 33

functions of the vagal nerve

Answer 33

stimulates digestive glands Increases motility of smooth muscle of digestive tract Decreases heart rate Causes bronchial constriction

Question 34

where are the vagal nerves found

Answer 34

Visceral organs of thorax & abdomen

Question 35

which ANS division innervates every part of the body

Answer 35

the sympathetic

Question 36

which neurotransmitters are released by the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division

Answer 36

ACh

Question 37

which neurotransmitters are released by the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division

Answer 37

noradrenaline

Question 38

location of the adrenal glands

Answer 38

they sit on top of the kidneys

Question 39

cholinergic receptors

Answer 39

Receptors that mediate responses to acetylcholine

Question 40

adrenergic receptors

Answer 40

Receptors that mediate responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 41

types of cholinergic receptors

Answer 41

muscarinic nicotinic

Question 42

types of adrenergic receptors

Answer 42

alpha and beta

Question 43

noradrenaline and adrenaline can both bind alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, true or false

Answer 43

true

Question 44

the two forms of alpha adrenergic receptors

Answer 44

alpha1 alpha 2

Question 45

some effects on the body when alpha 1 adrenergic receptors are stimulated

Answer 45

Ocular: mydriasis Blood vessels: vasoconstriction Male genitals: ejaculation Bladder neck and prostate: contraction

Question 46

some effects on the body when alpha 2 adrenergic receptors are stimulated

Answer 46

inhibition of norepinephrine release contraction of smooth muscle

Question 47

where are alpha 2 adrenergic receptors located

Answer 47

on the presynaptic terminal

Question 48

alpha 2 receptors are located in both the CNS and the PNS, true or false

Answer 48

true

Question 49

effects of stimulating beta 1 adrenergic receptors on the body

Answer 49

increased heart output, like increased heart rate and conduction

Question 50

effects of stimulating beta 2 adrenergic receptors on the body

Answer 50

vasodilation glycogenolysis bronchodilation smooth muscle relaxation

Question 51

where is adrenaline synthesised, and stored which organ metabolises it

Answer 51

in the adrenal medulla in vesicles in the adrenal medulla the liver

Question 52

where is noradrenaline synthesized and stored

Answer 52

the presynaptic terminal stored in vesicles

Question 53

which receptors do noradrenaline bind to on the; presynaptic neuron postsynaptic neuron

Answer 53

alpha 2 alpha 1 or beta 1

Question 54

what enzyme breaks down noradrenaline

Answer 54

monoamine oxidase(MAO)

Question 55

Sympathomimetics

Answer 55

substances/ drugs that mimic or enhance the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 56

examples of Sympathomimetics

Answer 56

salbutamol epinephrine

Question 56

primary organs affected by b1 stimulation

Answer 56

heart kidneys

Question 57

primary organs affected by b2 stimulation

Answer 57

lungs blood vessels uterus liver

Question 58

which adrenergic receptors are stimulated by epinephrine

Answer 58

alpha and beta

Question 59

examples of drugs that are beta blockers

Answer 59

propranolol metoprolol

Question 60

which between metoprolol and propranolol are; selective beta 1 antagonists non selective beta antagonists

Answer 60

metoprolol propranolol

Question 61

autonomic tone

Answer 61

Steady day-to-day influence exerted by the autonomic system. usually only one ANS division provides the tone