Alcoholism

Question 1

Current use of Alcohol

Answer 1

at least one drink in the past 30 days

Question 2

Binge use of Alcohol

Answer 2

• five or more drinks on the same occasion at least once in the past 30 days
• pattern of drinking the brings BAC to 0.08% or above
• males- 5 or more drinks in 2 hours
• females- 4 or more drinks in 2 hours

Question 3

Heavy use of Alcohol

Answer 3

5 or more drinks on the same occasion on at least 5 different days in the past 30 days

Question 4

Drink definition

Answer 4

• 12-ounce can or bottle of beer or wine cooler
• 5-ounce glass of wine
• 1.5-ounces of 80 proof distilled spirits

Question 5

Source of Comsumables Alcohol

Answer 5

• Ethanol is produced from fermentation of glucose and water in the presence of yeast
• high % needs more distillation through boiling and collection of stream
• Proof refers of % multiplied by 2

Question 6

BAC

Answer 6

-% of alcohol in blood
-Grams of alcohol per 100 ml of blood- to convert to mg % just multiply by 1000
-Legal limit in most states is 0.08 %
-Determined by:
-Amount of alcohol consumed
-Body weight
-Body fat
-Gender (women are more sensitive to alcohol) -Based on differences in levels of enzymes that break down alcohol
-Alcohol is water soluble-More fat means less water and higher BALs
-Spacing of alcohol doses - Clearance of ~ .25 - .3 ounces pure alcohol per hour
~1/2 drink per hour; 6 hrs to be rid of 3 beers
OR 0.01g %/hour

Question 7

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Answer 7

• Breaks down alcohol–> acetaldehyde–>CO2+H2O

- Females have less

Question 8

Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase

Answer 8

• forms from disulfiram (Antabuse)

- Females have larger amount of body fat/kg

Question 9

Behavioral Effects

Answer 9

Normal–> relief from anxiety–> disinhibition–> sedation–> hypnosis–> general anesthesia–> coma–> death

Question 10

Tolerance

Answer 10

• Individuals drink large amounts of alcohol (12-20 drinks per day)
• Blood alcohol levels far beyond the legal limit

Question 11

Withdrawl

Answer 11

• Tremor, sympathetic activation, hyperthermia
• Anxiety, dysphoria
• Delirium tremens: hallucinations, high fever

Question 12

Substance taken in larger amounts than intended

Answer 12

-loss of control over intake

Question 13

Persistent desire or unsuccessful attempt to cut down

Answer 13

repeated relapses to excessive drinking

Question 14

Neglect of activities

Answer 14

-impairment in social, occupational, and recreational functioning

Question 15

Time Spent

Answer 15

fillinf work and home with sources of alcohol so to never be without

Question 16

Continued despite problems

Answer 16

• loss of job
• loss of spouse
• medical illness

Question 17

Behavioral Toxicity

Answer 17

• Driving under the influence (DUI)
• Impairment in social functioning
• Impairment in occupational functioning

Question 18

Physical Toxicity

Answer 18

• Cirrhosis of the liver
• Pancreatitis
• Cancers of the tongue, mouth, esophagus, stomach and liver
• Wernicke’s / Korsakoff’s syndrome
• Fetal Alcohol Spectrum

Question 19

Positive and Negavtive Reinforcement

Answer 19

Positive- application of positive stimulus
Negavtive- the removal of negative stimulus
- in both cases the probability of the behavior occurring again increases

Question 20

Expectancy

Answer 20

• expectancy of the positive effects of alcohol
• Unrealistic beliefs that alcohol only has positive effects
• Expectancy of alcohol consumption can lead to: Behavioral Disinhibition
• Sexual behavior
• Aggression

Question 21

Conflicting Standards

Answer 21

• Standards of wanting to drink and wanting to abstain change in salience over time with regard to environmental and internal cues
• related to self-regulation failure in heavy drinkers
• to comsume or not to consume

Question 22

False Consensus Effect

Answer 22

-Assuming that everyone else drinks

Question 23

Strength

Answer 23

• Depletions in strength caused by exhaustion, stress, personal weakness can lead to drinking
• Underregulation

Question 24

Controlling Emotion

Answer 24

• A person may assume that drinking is an effective means to regulate their affective state
• Affect regulation strategy may be self-defeating (Misregulation and Overgeneralization)
• Inability to cope with negative emotion (Misregulation)

Question 25

Distorted Self-Knowledge

Answer 25

- Misplaced self-confidence that one can “handle” a large amount of alcohol - Alcohol may serve as an important tool for increasing positive self-regard - Alcohol may be taken to protect or enhance positive self-evaluations - May lead ultimately to feelings of failure

Question 26

Snowballing

Answer 26

- Stage where true failures of self-regulation occur | - Habitual intoxication is indisputably harmful

Question 27

Zero-Tolerance Beliefs

Answer 27

- Assumes self-control has already failed following initial indulgence - May undermine self-regulation and increase likelihood of further indulgences

Question 28

Abstinence Violation Effect

Answer 28

- Many treatment programs emphasize abstinence | - "all-or-none" type of thinking

Question 29

Psychological Inertia

Answer 29

- drinking becomes progressively harder to stop | - prototype for lapse-activated causal patterns

Question 30

Reduction in Monitoring

Answer 30

- Alcohol reduces self-awareness | - Alcohol appears to decrease memory consolidation

Question 31

Loss of Control of Attention

Answer 31

- Alcohol Myopia- general narrowing of the perceptual field - Narrowed focus to cues that encourage alcohol consumption - Pro-drinking cues prevalent in bars, sporting events, etc. - Intoxicated individual focuses on the most salient aspects of the situation - Generalizes to cues associated with aggression, sexual encounters etc.

Question 32

Overgeneralization

Answer 32

-The reasons for drinking will multiply until alcohol is used to deal with all unpleasant states

Question 33

Misguided Focusing in Mood Regulation

Answer 33

- Drinking for mood control can backfire as opponent processes are recruited - Vicious cycle where bad moods prompt alcohol consumption, which is followed by a worsening of mood, which leads to further drinking

Question 34

Spiraling Distress

Answer 34

preoccupation--> binge intoxication--> withdrawl negative affect