Altering Consciousness

Question 1

Combines refocusing attention with relaxation:

Answer 1

Meditation

Question 2

A state of heightened suggestibility discovered by Anton Mesmer:

Answer 2

Hypnosis

Question 3

Power resides in the subject’s openness to ______ and highly focused awareness, and intensified imagination:

Answer 3

Suggestion

Question 4

This approach says consciousness is divided into two parts, each aware:

Answer 4

Divided Consciousness

Question 5

Who created Divided Consciousness:

Answer 5

Ernest Hilgard

Question 6

In divided consciousness, you are in a state of ________, or split between different levels of consciousness:

Answer 6

Dissociation

Question 7

Playing a role while hypnotized just like an actor in a movie:

Answer 7

Social Influence Theory

Question 8

What is the most common method of deliberately altering consciousness?

Answer 8

Ingesting psychoactive drugs

Question 9

Psychoactive drugs affect nerve synapses and neurotransmitters in three ways:

Answer 9

1. Bind with receptors and support action
2. Block receptor sites to stop action
3. Block reuptake of neurotransmitters

Question 10

Diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the same effect:

Answer 10

Tolerance

Question 11

Process whereby neurons increase or decrease the production of neurotransmitters in response to chemicals ingested:

Answer 11

Neuroadaption

Question 12

Compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (gambling) despite adverse consequences:

Answer 12

Addiction

Question 13

Discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior:

Answer 13

Withdrawal

Question 14

The body becomes so accustomed to functioning in the presence of the drug that it cannot function without it. Absence of a drug may lead to feeling of physical pain and intense cravings:

Answer 14

Physiological Drug Dependence

Question 15

People believe they need the drug to respond to stresses of daily living. Absence of a drug may lead to negative emotions or stress:

Answer 15

Psychological Drug Dependence

Question 16

Why do people take drugs in the first place?
_______ _______ of the experience:

Answer 16

Perceived Pleasure

Question 17

Why do people take drugs in the first place?
The drug induced high allows people to _____, at least temporarily, from daily pressures:

Answer 17

Escape

Question 18

Why do people take drugs in the first place?
Influenced to use drugs by ___ _____ or ______:

Answer 18

Role Models or Peers

Question 19

Why do people take drugs in the first place?
_____ of trying something new:

Answer 19

Thrill

Question 20

Why do people take drugs in the first place?
_______ factors predispose some people to be more susceptible to drugs and addiction:

Answer 20

Genetic

Question 21

People who are addicted…
Make _______ the primary reward rather than relationships, career, and family:

Answer 21

Substance

Question 22

People who are addicted…
Ignore _____ memories from addiction and ignore positive memories before addiction:

Answer 22

Negative

Question 23

People who are addicted…
Lack _____ _______ - frontal lobe inhibitor to make proper judgements

Answer 23

Impulse Control

Question 24

Excite neural activity and speeds up body functions. Pupils dilate, heart and breathing rates increase. blood sugar levels rise causing appetite to drop:

Answer 24

Stimulants

Question 25

Serotonin and Dopamine also rise:

Answer 25

Stimulants

Question 26

Withdrawal symptoms: Apathy, fatigue, depression, agitation

Answer 26

Stimulants

Question 27

What drugs are stimulants? (6)

Answer 27

Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine Amphetamines Meth MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)

Question 28

-Most used drug in the world -Average dose stays in your body for 3-4 hours -Affects ADENOSINE, a central nervous system neuromodulator that has receptors to slow a person down and induce sleepiness, so caffeine slows down the impact of adenosine

Answer 28

Caffeine

Question 29

-Produces several reactions like increase in attentiveness, improvement in mood -Too much can have adverse effects: anxiety, restlessness, insomnia in high doses, uncomfortable withdrawal

Answer 29

Caffeine

Question 30

-Highly addictive because of its soothing effects -Increases adrenaline -Imitates Ach by attaching to its receptor and increases dopamine making the smoker feel good 7 second after intake

Answer 30

Nicotine

Question 31

-Arouses brain's alertness, reduces pain, increases heart rate and blood pressure, relaxes muscles, reduces stress, suppresses appetite -Adverse effects: nervousness, drowsy, insomnia, weight gain, heart disease, and cancer

Answer 31

Nicotine

Question 32

-Blocks the reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine because the cocaine stays in the synapse creating dopamine dependency, boosting confidence, and giving more energy -Immediate rush followed by a crash

Answer 32

Cocaine

Question 33

-Crack produces a brief but more intense high followed by more intense crash -Adverse effects: emotional disturbances, suspiciousness, convulsions, cardiac arrest, and more

Answer 33

Cocaine

Question 34

-Benzedrine or Dexedrine; street name is SPEED -High potential for abuse and dependence -Used to increase wakefulness and enhance cognitive performance by increasing concentration of DOPAMINE is synapes

Answer 34

Amphetamines

Question 35

-Sometimes used to treat ADHD (Adderall) -Often abused by people who need to stay awake and is cheap and available -Adverse effects: irregular heartbeat, anxiety, psychosis

Answer 35

Amphetamines

Question 36

-Illegal substance, "super" stimulant used as recreational drug, not medically prescribed -Chemically like amphetamine but is methylated twice making it faster acting, more potent, and more dangerous

Answer 36

Meth

Question 37

-Can cause 8 hours or so of euphoria and increased energy -Adverse effects: irritability, insomnia, hypertensions, seizures, social isolation, depression, and sometimes violent outbursts

Answer 37

Meth

Question 38

-Street name: Ecstasy or Molly -A stimulant AND hallucinogen -Feel effect about half an hour after taking and lasts for 3-4 hours

Answer 38

MDMA

Question 39

-Creates feelings of euphoria, increases sensitivity to light and touch, reduced inhibitions because it increases serotonin levels and blocks reabsorption while increasing norepinephrine and dopamine -Has dehydrating effect, increases blood pressure, suppresses immune system, impairs memory, and disrupts sleep

Answer 39

MDMA

Question 40

What drugs are depressants? (4)

Answer 40

-Alcohol -Barbiturates -Narcotics -Opiates and Opioids

Question 41

Effects: Anxiety reduction, impulsiveness, dramatic mood swings, odd thoughts, suicidal behavior, slurred speech, disorientation, slowed mental and physical functioning, limited attention span

Answer 41

Depressants

Question 42

Withdrawal symptoms: Weakness, restless, nausea and vomiting, irritable, depression, acute anxiety

Answer 42

Depressants

Question 43

Adverse/overdose reactions: Confusion, decrease response to pain, shallow respiration, dilated pupils, weak and rapid pulse

Answer 43

Depressants

Question 44

-Slows neural processing and thinking, impairs physical activity by reducing activity of prefrontal cortex -Reduces self-awareness and impairs memory by preventing long term memories -Intensifies GABA so speech is slurred and slow movements and reduces glutamate to slow reactions and judgement making

Answer 44

Alcohol

Question 45

-Affects balance and fine motor coordination -In low doses, it has a relaxing effect, lowering tensions and inhibitions yet impairs concentration, slows reflexes and reaction time -In medium doses, it slurs speech, makes you sleepy, and alters emotions -In high doses, you vomit and your breathing is depressed causing comas or death

Answer 45

Alcohol

Question 46

-Sedatives or Tranquilizers that reduce anxiety or induce sleep but can impair memory and judgement -Work to make receptor sites more efficient so they increase efficiency of GABA -If combined with alcohol, can create total depressive effect of body functions that can be lethal

Answer 46

Barbiturates

Question 47

-Drugs that increase relaxation, relieve pain and anxiety

Answer 47

Narcotics

Question 48

Narcotics that are derived from natural substances like morphine and heroin which comes from poppy seed pods:

Answer 48

Opiates

Question 49

Synthetic narcotics such as Vicodin, Percode, fentanyl, and OxyContin:

Answer 49

Opioids

Question 50

Effects: reduction of anxiety and pain, difficulty in concentration, slowed speech, decreased physical activity, euphoria, pain reduction, shallow breathing, slow heartbeat, convulsions, cold clammy skin, confusion, death Withdrawal Symptoms: Anxiety, vomiting, flu like symptoms, abdominal cramps

Answer 50

Narcotics

Question 51

Opium, morphine, codeine, heroin, Oxycontin, Vicodin Percocet, Fentanyl

Answer 51

Opiates and Opioids

Question 52

-Reducing neurotransmission and temporarily lessen pain and anxiety by reducing GABA that slows the release of dopamine. This allows dopamine to flow freely creating euphoria -The body produces natural opiates to regulate pain. Outside opiates bind to the same sites and will stop the brain from producing dopamine and natural endorphins over time

Answer 52

Opiates and Opioids

Question 53

Inability to feel pleasure physically:

Answer 53

Anhedonia

Question 54

Psychedelics alter perceptions, thoughts, and feelings. They can even produce HALLUCINATIONS:

Answer 54

Hallucinogens

Question 55

-Many psychedelics are chemically like serotonin so blocks its action -Effects: Euphoria, relaxed inhibitions increased appetite, disoriented behavior, vision and depth distortion, magnified feelings, paranoia, panic

Answer 55

Hallucinogens

Question 56

Withdrawal symptoms: depression, anxiety, sleepiness Adverse/overdose reactions: panic, paranoia, fatigue,dangerous behavior, memory difficulties, dangerous behavior

Answer 56

Hallucinogens

Question 57

Leaves, stems, resin, or flowers from hemp plant that when smoked can lower inhibitions and produce relaxation and mild euphoria. When ingested, it can interfere with appetite, pain, cognition, and emotion:

Answer 57

Marijuana

Question 58

Active ingredient is THC:

Answer 58

Marijuana

Question 59

-Can stay in the body for a week or more so frequent users can achieve high with smaller amounts -Chronic use can disrupt memory, lower attention, and impair learning ability

Answer 59

Marijuana

Question 60

-Accidentally created by Albert Hoffman -Leads to an array of emotions from euphoria to detachment to panic -Typical "trip" starts with spirals then goes to a more meaningful image with the hallucinations peaking with people feeling separated from their body and experience dreamlike scenes that can leave them panic-stricken or cause self-harm

Answer 60

LSD

Question 61

Help overcome shyness, make friends and fit in, rebelling against societal/parental norms, life changing situations like death, bullying, family problems:

Answer 61

Sociocultural factors

Question 62

Lack of purpose, sensation-seeking personalities,untreated mental illness:

Answer 62

Psychological Factors

Question 63

Genetic connection:

Answer 63

Brain Biology