Unit 3 Review Flashcards by Emmy Jones

Process by which we detect physical energy from the environment and encode it as neural signals:

Sensation

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Process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information:

Perception

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Analysis begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information:

Bottom-Up Processing

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Information processing guided by higher-level mental proecesses:

Top-Down Processing

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Study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them:

Psychophysics

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Minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time:

Absolute Threshold

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Explains precisely how and when we detect the presence of faint stimulus/signal:

Signal Detection Theory

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One that is below the absolute threshold:

Subliminal Stimulus

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Minimum difference between 2 stimuli that a subject can detect the difference between the two stimuli:

Difference Threshold

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States that the just noticeable difference between 2 stimuli is a constant minimum percentage of the stimulus:

Weber’s Law

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Decreased sensitivity that occurs with continued exposure to an unchanging stimulus:

Sensory Adaptation

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Our perceptions of our sense depend on how focused we are on them:

Sensory Habituation

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Asking people to identify the color of the word rather than read what the word says:

Stroop Effect

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Process by which receptor cells in the eye, ear, skin, and nose convert environmental stimuli into neural impulse:

Transduction

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The color we experience, comes in the basic colors of red, green. or blue:

Hue

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Distance from one peak of one light/sound to the next; gives rise to the perceptual experiences of hue (color) and pitch (sound):

Wavelength

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Determined by amplitude of waves; any sound that exceeds 85 decibels in amplitude/intensity will damage the auditory system:

Intensity

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Transparent structure that covers the front of the eye:

Cornea

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Adjustable opening in the eye through which light enters:

Pupil

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Ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored part of the eye and controls the diameter of the pupil:

Iris

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Transparent structure of the eye behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina:

Lens

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Process by which the lens of the eye changes shape to focus near objects on the retina:

Accomodation

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Light-sensitive, multilayer, inner surface of the eye that contains the rods and cones as well as neurons that form the beginning of the optic nerve:

Retina

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The central point of focus in the retina around which the eye’s cones cluster:

Fovea

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Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when the cones don't respond:

Rods

Retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight/well-lit conditions; detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations:

Cones

Carry neural impulses from eye to brain:

Optic Nerve

Place in the brain where the fibers from each optic nerve cross into the opposite side of the brain:

Optic Chiasm

Region of retina where optic nerves leaves the eye; no rods or cones are in this area = no vision:

Blind Spot

Reflexive, rapid movement from side to side that keeps neurons firing and helps to fill in missing information created by the blind spot:

Saccade

Sharpness of vision:

Acuity

Condition in which nearby objects are seen clearly but distance objects are blurred:

Nearsightedness

Condition in which distant objects are seen clearly but nearby objects are blurred:

Farsightedness

Located in visual cortex of the brain; nerve cells that selectively respond to specific visual features such as movement, shape, or angle:

Feature Detectors

Information processing in which several aspects of a stimulus are processed simultaneously:

Parallel Processing

Retina contains red, green, and blue-sensitive color receptors that can produce the perception of any color:

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

Color vision depends on pairs of opposing retinal processes in the brain:

Opponent-Process Theory

Perception that familiar objects have consistent color despite changes in illumination that shift the wavelengths they reflect:

Color Constancy

Sense of hearing:

Audition

A sound that is determined by its frequency or number of complete wavelengths that can pass a point in time:

Pitch

Affects loudness meaning how much pressure is being forced through the air:

Amplitude

Number of wavelength cycles in a unit of time:

Frequency

Funky shaped outer ear:

Pinna

Used to catch sound and direct it into the ear:

Auditory Canal

Vibrates when sound waves hit:

Tympanic Membrane/Eardrum

Chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing the ossicle that concentrate the eardrum's vibrations on the cochlea's oval window:

Middle Ear

Contains the semicircular canals and the cochlea, which includes the receptors that transduce sound energy into neural impulses; also contains the vestibular sac (balance):

Inner Ear

Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube of the inner ear where the transduction of sound waves into neural impulses occur:

Cochlea

Inner surface of the cochlea that resonates the different sounds in different locations:

Basilar Membrane

Covers the basilar membrane and when the fluid of the cochlea moves, the hair cells move to send signals to the basilar membrane and on the auditory nerve:

Organ of Corti/Hair Cells

States we hear different pitches because sound waves of various frequencies trigger activity at different places on the cochlea's basilar membrane:

Place Theory

Presumes that the rate/frequency of nerve impulses in the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, enabling us to sense its pitch:

Frequency Theory

Hearing loss caused by damage in the mechanics of the outer/middle ear, which impairs the conduction of sound to the cochlea:

Conduction Hearing Loss

Nerve deafness; hearing loss caused by damage to the auditory receptors of the cochlea:

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

An illusion when the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound leading to a third sound:

McGurk Effect

Sense of smell:

Olfaction

Sense of taste:

Gustation

Maintains that a "gate" in the spinal cord determines whether pain signals are permitted to reach the brain:

Gate-Control Theory

Principle that one sense may infleunce another:

Sensory Interaction

Influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments:

Embodied Cognition

Sense of the position and movement of the parts of the body with receptors found in the muscles, tendons, and ligaments:

Kinesthesis

Sense of balance, gravity, and acceleration of our heads:

Vestibular Sense

Focusing on conscious awareness on a stimulus out of all of those that we are capable of experiencing:

Selective/Focused Attention

We filter our nearly everything except that voice which is most important to us:

Cocktail Party Effect

Focusing on 2 or more tasks or stimuli:

Divided Attention

Screening out unwanted stimuli because it causes anxiety or feels threatening/thought to be unimportant:

Selective Inattention

Occurs when our focus is directed at one stimulus, leaving us blind to other stimuli:

Inattentional Blindness

Inability to see changes in our environment when our attention is directed elsewhere:

Change Blindness

Tendency for vision to dominate the other sense:

Visual Capture

Organized whole:

Gestalt

The organization of the visual field into two parts; the figure which stands out from its surroundings:

Figure-Ground

Perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups:

Grouping

Ability to see objects in 3D although the image that strike the retina are 2D; allows us to judge distance:

Depth Perception

Laboratory device for testing depth perception:

Visual Cliff

Depth cues that depend on info from both eyes:

Binocular Cues

Differences between the images received by the eyes because of viewing the world from slightly different angles:

Retinal Disparity

Neuromuscular binocular depth cue based on the extent to which the eyes converge when looking at near or distinct objects:

Convergence

Depth cues that depend on information from either eye alone:

Monocular Cues

Parallel lines appear to converge in distance:

Linear Perspective

Blocking of one object by another object:

Interposition

Perceive something farther away as being smaller:

Relative Size

Objects higher in the visual field appear farther:

Relative Height

Clear objects appear closer than blurry or fuzzy objects:

Relative Clarity

Nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes than distant objects:

Light and Shadow

Closer the object is, the clearer the amount of detail:

Texture Gradient

Makes objects closer to us appear to move faster than those farther away:

Motion Parallax

Illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession:

Phi Phenomenon

Series of pictures show at a fast rate of speed suggest motion:

Stroboscopic Movement

Perception that objects have consistent lightness, color, shape, and size, even as illumination and retinal images change:

Perceptual Constancy

Our ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field. Given distorting lenses, we perceive things accordingly but soon adjust by learning the relationship between our distorted perceptions and the reality:

Perceptual Adaption

Mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another:

Perceptual Set

Organized body of information or framework that enables us to organize information:

Schema

Explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be adapted to human behaviors; thus increasing safety and productivity:

Human Factors Psychology

Study of psychokinesis and other paranormal forms of interaction between the individual and environment:

Parapsychology

Controversial claim that perception can occur without sensory input:

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

Mind reading:

Telepathy

Ability to speak with the dead:

Clairvoyance

Ability to foretell the future:

Precognition

Ability to move objects with one's mind:

Psychokinesis

Studied the relationship between stimuli and sensation:

Gustav Fechner

Discovered feature detectors which are neurons in the visual association cortex that focus on edges, lines, angles, curves, and movements:

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

German physician whose study of sensation using strict experimental techniques brought scientific credibility to psychology:

Ernst Weber

Unit 3 Review Flashcards

(102 cards)