Unit 7 & 8 Review Flashcards
1
Q
Mental activity associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information:
A
Cognition
2
Q
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people:
A
Concept
3
Q
Levels of Concept:
A
Superordinate
Basic
Subordinate
4
Q
Mental image of the best example of a specific category or concept:
A
Prototype
5
Q
Ability to produce novel and valuable ideas within any discipline:
A
Creativity
6
Q
Active control and awareness of your thinking:
A
Metacognition
7
Q
Process by which we try out different solutions until we find one that works:
A
Trial and Error
8
Q
Methodical, logical procedure that guarantees success because it explores every possibility:
A
Algorithm
9
Q
“Rule of thumb” or simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently:
A
Heuristic
10
Q
Tendency to judge the likelihood of things in terms of their usual functions or how it matches a prototype:
A
Representative Heuristic
11
Q
Tendency to estimate the likelihood of events based on their availability of memory:
A
Availability Heuristic
12
Q
Sudden and often novel realization of the solution of a problem:
A
Insight
13
Q
What we know without knowing how we know it:
A
Intuition
14
Q
Mental approach to problems and issues:
A
Mindset
15
Q
Mental approach that believes we can improve:
A
Growth Mindset
16
Q
Mental approach that believes there will never be a change:
A
Fixed Mindset
17
Q
Obstacle to problem solving in which people tend to search for info that validates their preconceptions:
A
Confirmation Bias
18
Q
Inability to approach a problem in a new way or fresh point of view:
A
Fixation
19
Q
Tendency to apply a problem-solving strategy that has been successful in the past but may not be useful now:
A
Mental Set
20
Q
Type of fixation in which a person can think of things only in terms of their usual functions:
A
Functional Fixedness
21
Q
Tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments:
A
Overconfidence
22
Q
Way an issue or question is posed:
A
Framing
23
Q
The “either you are with us or against us” way of thinking with no middle ground:
A
False Dichotomy
24
Q
Tendency for a person’s preexisting beliefs to distort their logical reasoning:
A
Belief Bias
25
Tendency for people to cling to a belief/initial conception even after the info that led to the formation of the belief is discredited:
Belief Perserverance
26
Cognitive bias favoring the first info offered:
Anchoring Effect
27
Form concepts or thoughts about a specific group based on the larger group:
Deductive Reasoning
28
Form concepts or thoughts about a large group based upon specific examples:
Inductive Reasoning
29
Computer circuits that stimulate the brain's interconnected neural cells and perform tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns and smells:
Computer Neural Networks
30
Spoken, written, or gestured words and how we combine them to communicate meaning:
Language
31
Smallest units of sound in a language that are distinctie for speakers of the language:
Phonemes
32
Smallest unit of language that convey meaning:
Morphemes
33
System of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others:
Grammar
34
Aspect of grammar that specifies the rules used to derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in each language:
Semantics
35
Aspect of grammar specifying the rules for combining words into grammatical sentences in each language:
Syntax
36
Knowing when to use certain kinds of language in social situations:
Pragmatics
37
Begins around 3/4 months, characterized by spontaneous utterance of speech sounds:
Babbling Stage
38
Typical of a one year old but may be between age 1 and 2:
One-Word Stage
39
Language of a one year old where one word expresses an entire idea:
Holophrase Speech
40
Typical of a two year old:
Two-Word Stage
41
Speech of children in two-word stage:
Telegraphic Speech
42
Application of grammar rules in instances where they don't apply:
Overgeneralization
43
Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think and view the world:
Linguistic Determinism
44
Hypothesis that assumes the language and thoughts have influences on each other:
Linguistic Relativity
45
Specific time in which a landmark is developed that will not/cannot occur later:
Critical Period
46
Believed to be around age 13/adolescence because neural pruning is active at this age:
Critical Period for Language
47
Believed to be around age 7:
Critical Period for Learning a Second Language
48
Proposed a nativist theory of language acquisition, posting that people are born with language acquisition devices, and all people have an inborn capacity to learn language:
Noam Chomsky
49
Proposed that people learn language through conditioning and observational learning:
B.F. Skinner
50
Documented the insight method of solving problems with the chimps:
Wolfgang Kohler
51
Ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new solutions:
Intelligence
52
Measure people's mental aptitudes and compare them to others' through numerical scores:
Intelligence Tests
53
Skilled mathematicians who statistically analyze results and focus on measuring and assessing several traits including intelligence:
Psychometrics Psychologists
54
Genetic bases:
Heritability
55
Promoting the reproduction of the highly intelligent and potential sterilization for those who have less desirable traits:
Eugenics
56
Chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level or performance; concept introduced by Binet and Simon:
Mental Age
57
Lewis Terman's widely used revision of Binet's original intelligence test:
Stanford-Binet
58
Defined as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100:
IQ
59
Statistical procedure that identifies factors, or clusters of related items, that seem to define a common abilities:
Factor Analysis
60
Factors identified by LL Thurstone such as memory, numerical ability, word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, and inductive reasoning:
Primary Mental Abilities
61
Underlying each of the more specific mental abilities identified through factor analysis; identified by Spearman:
G Factor
62
Person with a very low IQ yet possesses one exceptional ability:
Savant
63
Person with an average IQ yet possesses one exceptional ability in one area:
Prodigy
64
Ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions:
Emotional Intelligence
65
Think about many ways to use someting as possible:
Divergent Thinker
66
Think about the most efficient/best way to do something:
Convergent Thinker
67
Designed to predict future performance and measures your capacity to learn new information:
Aptitude Tests
68
Measures a person's current knowledge and tests thier skills in different areas:
Achievement Tests
69
Tendency for the extreme or unusual scores to fall back toward the average:
Regression to the Mean
70
A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies:
Meta-Analysis
71
Aspects of intellectual ability and learned knowledge:
Crystallized Intelligence
72
Cognitive abilities that require speed and rapid learning:
Fluid Intelligence
73
Most widely used intelligence test; individually administered and contains 11 subjects:
WAIS
74
Bell--shaped curve that represents the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes:
Normal Curve
75
Average distance from the mean:
Standard Deviation
76
Process of defining meaningful scores on a test by pretesting a large, representative sample of people by ensuring the procedures by which an exam is created, administered, and scored are the same:
Standardization
77
Extent to which a produces consistent results:
Reliability
78
Degree to which an assessment yields similar results each time it is taken:
Test-Retest Reliability
79
Degree to which different versions of the assessment yield similar results:
Alternate Forms Reliability
80
Degree to which two halves of an exam have equal difficulty:
Split-Half Reliability
81
Degree to which the raters/graders of the exam agree on a score:
Interrater Reliability
82
Degree to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to:
Validity
83
Test samples the content, subject, or behavior that is of interest:
Content Validity
84
Test is valid to the test taker:
Face Validity
85
The behavior the test is deisgned to predict:
Criterion
86
Extent to which a test forecasts performance on a future measure:
Predictive Validity
87
Indicate the percentage of people who scored at or below an individuals score:
Percentile Rank
88
IQ has increased over time so tests must be renormed, so more questions need to be answered correctly to earn the same score:
Flynn Effect
89
Phenomenon in which a person's concern that they will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype is followed by lower performance:
Stereotype Threat
90
Result of an extra chromosome in the person's genetic makeup:
Down Syndrome
91
Inherited disorder in which the enzyme defect causes amino acid to build up in the body causing an IQ of <20:
PKU
92
An IQ below 70 and difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living:
Intellectually Disabled
93
Believed intelligence is inherited, can be quantitatively measured, and popularized the phrase nature and nurture:
Sir Francis Galton
94
Created separate norms for students per their chronological age suggesting that intelligence is realtive to age:
Binet and Simon
95
Father of modern intelligence testing:
Alfred Binet
96
Founder of the Stanford-Binet test:
Lewis Terman
97
Derived the IQ:
William Stern
98
Used factor anaylsis and identified the G factor:
Charles Spearman
99
Created a series of age-based intellignece tests:
David Wechsler
100
Used twin studies to investigate the similarity between identical twins raised apart:
Thomas Bouchard
101
Stressed the importance of emotional intelligence:
Daniel Goleman
102
Believes that traditonal tests are not good at assessing overall intelligence and proposes the triarchic theory:
Robert Sternberg
103
Expanded on the idea that intelligence is made up of more than single factor and criticized traditional tests for placing too much emphasis on skills we have associated with academic success; identified 8 different types of intelligence:
Howard Gardner
