Personality (Unit 12)

Question 1

An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting:

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

No _______ experiments or _______ & _______ relationships can be used because personality is unique to each person:

Answer 2

Controlled; cause and effect

Question 3

Focuses on understanding the unique aspects of each individual’s personality through data from case studies, interviews, and naturalistic observation:

Answer 3

Idiographic

Question 4

Focuses on variables at the group level, identifying universal trait dimensions or relationships:

Answer 4

Nomothetic

Question 5

Freud’s approach that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality:

Answer 5

Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality

Question 6

Focuses on inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment:

Answer 6

Humanistic Perspective on Personality

Question 7

Patterns of behavior or conscious motives which can be self-assessed; seeks to identify basic traits needed to describe personality:

Answer 7

Trait

Question 8

Focus on learning, cognition and social influence:

Answer 8

Social-Cognitive Perspective on Personality

Question 9

Psychoanalytic perspective - “first comprehensive theory on personality” by:

Answer 9

Sigmund Freud

Question 10

What are the three levels of the mind?

Answer 10

1. Conscious
2. Preconscious
3. Unconscious

Question 11

What we are aware of at a particular time; sense of reality:

Answer 11

Conscious

Question 12

What we can voluntarily call into awareness:

Answer 12

Preconscious

Question 13

Thoughts, feelings, and desires of which we cannot become aware:

Answer 13

Unconscious

Question 14

Method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind no matter how trivial or embarrassing:

Answer 14

Free Association

Question 15

What are the 3 levels of the personality structure?

Answer 15

1. Id
2. Ego
3. Super Ego

Question 16

Present at birth, energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives and desires instant gratification NOW:

Answer 16

Id

Question 17

Our rational self; balances the needs of the Id and Superego and seeks to find realistic and safe ways to give into demands of the id:

Answer 17

Ego

Question 18

The voice of our conscience that focuses on how we ought to behave; internalized right and wrong acquired from parents, peers, and society:

Answer 18

Superego

Question 19

Identified by Freud and his daughter Anna:

Answer 19

Defense Mechanisms

Question 20

Enable the ego to create strategies that protect and reduce/redirect anxiety by distorting reality:

Answer 20

Defense Mechanisms

Question 21

Blocking off from conscious awareness of any desire or memory the ego finds threatening; most dangerous mechanism:

Answer 21

Repression

Question 22

Cutting off from consciousness of external threats to the ego; don’t accept the reality of the situation because it would produce great anxiety:

Answer 22

Denial

Question 23

Attributing your own forbidden desires to someone else:

Answer 23

Projection

Question 24

Redirection of unacceptable urges onto a substitute:

Answer 24

Displacement

Question 25

Redirection of forbidden urges onto self:

Answer 25

Turning Against Self

Question 26

Tuning unacceptable feelings into their opposite:

Answer 26

Reaction Formation

Question 27

Making the characteristics of someone you admire or love part of your own personality:

Answer 27

Introjection

Question 28

Making the characteristics of someone you hate or fear part of your own personality:

Answer 28

Identification-with-an-Aggresor

Question 29

Turning to earlier and more childish forms of behaior to reduce anxiety:

Answer 29

Regression

Question 30

Changing forbidden impulses into behaviors that are socially acceptable:

Answer 30

Sublimation

Question 31

Attempt to make up for a lack in one area by putting forth extra effort and energy over an extended period to do well in some other areas:

Answer 31

Compensation

Question 32

People go further than just balancing the feelings of inferiority, guilt. frustration, and inadequacy:

Answer 32

Overcompensation

Question 33

Way of escaping problems to get away from anxiety:

Answer 33

Procrastination

Question 34

Distorts an anxiety-producing and therefore unacceptable explanation/excuse for an impulse/behavior into an acceptable one:

Answer 34

Rationalization

Question 35

Studied Freud's work and disagreed/made their own contributions to the field of psych; formed the psychodynamic perspective:

Answer 35

Neo-Freudians

Question 36

Disagreed with significance of sexual motivation and stresses life span development:

Answer 36

Carl Jung

Question 37

Coined the term persona:

Answer 37

Carl Jung

Question 38

The aspect of personality that a person presents to the world; a means of hiding your true self:

Answer 38

Persona

Question 39

Supported the idea that unconscious has two parts:

Answer 39

Carl Jung

Question 40

All repressed thoughts, memories, and emotions:

Answer 40

Personal Unconscious

Question 41

We are born with certain predispositions or patters:

Answer 41

Collective Unconscious

Question 42

Young hero, wise old man, fairy godmothers:

Answer 42

Archetypes

Question 43

Emphasized Individuation:

Answer 43

Carl Jung

Question 44

People become fully aware of true selves through assimilating personal and collective unconscious in conscious awareness:

Answer 44

Individuation

Question 45

Introduced concepts of introvert/extravert:

Answer 45

Carl Jung

Question 46

Called his theory "Individual Psychology" emphasizing the drive to read goals and find purpose:

Answer 46

Alfred Adler

Question 47

Said driving force behind personality is the need for superiority:

Answer 47

Alfred Adler

Question 48

When confronted with feelings of inferiority, children utilize compensation; believed this helped to form personality:

Answer 48

Alfred Adler

Question 48

Said that the inability to resolve these feelings lead to inferiority complexes or overcompensation:

Answer 48

Alfred Adler

Question 49

Rejected Freud's emphasis on sex and his suggestion of penis envy:

Answer 49

Karen Horney

Question 50

Said cultural forces and social relationship between parent and child forms the foundation of their relationship:

Answer 50

Karen Horney

Question 51

Not a neo-Freudian; believed that if crisis was not solved, the person will be less likely to the next stage's crisis:

Answer 51

Erik Erikson

Question 52

Critics say Freud's work... -Lacks ______ ______ -Was based on a ____ number of case studies; can't _______

Answer 52

-Scientific Evidence -Limited; generalize

Question 53

You help shape your destiny:

Answer 53

Humanistic Models Influencing Personality

Question 54

Believed people have an innate drive towards reaching their full potential, and their full potential rests on how they view themselves:

Answer 54

Carl Rogers

Question 55

Recognition and acceptance of one's natural self:

Answer 55

Real Self

Question 56

Emerges as a result of interactions with significant people in life:

Answer 56

Ideal Self

Question 57

Believed that separation leads to move severe impact on one's self-conept:

Answer 57

Carl Rogers

Question 58

Parents' acceptance of their child without regard to their behavior:

Answer 58

Unconditional Positive Regard

Question 59

Standards of acceptance and love that can separate the ideal and real self:

Answer 59

Conditions of Worth (Conditional Positive Regard)

Question 60

Explains personality in terms of their traits or stable personality characteristics of behavior, thought processes, and emotions that are observable and measurable rather than study how it forms:

Answer 60

Trait Theory

Question 61

Focused on normal individuals and believed the key to personality was in the conscious and rational striving toward goals:

Answer 61

Gordon Allport

Question 62

Believed personality is guided by 5-10 central traits that people are born with:

Answer 62

Gordon Allport

Question 63

Using factor analysis to suggest that 16 pairs of source traits represent the basic dimensions of personality:

Answer 63

Raymond Cattell

Question 64

Developed the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire that provides scores for each of the source traits:

Answer 64

Raymond Cattell

Question 65

Traits you see by observing a person:

Answer 65

Surface Traits

Question 66

Traits at a deep level you can't see:

Answer 66

Source Traits

Question 67

Used factor analysis to identify patterns of traits and found that personality could best be described in terms of just 2 major dimensions:

Answer 67

Hans Eysenck

Question 68

Relates to the needed more/less of external stimuli:

Answer 68

Extraversion/Introversion

Question 69

Encompasses emotional sociability:

Answer 69

Neuroticism/Stability

Question 70

Five-Factor Model of "The Big Five" by:

Answer 70

Paul Costa

Question 71

What does OCEAN stand for?

Answer 71

Openness to Experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)

Question 72

Classified people by body type:

Answer 72

William Sheldon

Question 73

Plump, relaxed, jolly, affectionate, and easy going:

Answer 73

Endomorph

Question 74

Muscular, bold, physically attractive, energetic, couraeous:

Answer 74

Mesomorph

Question 75

Thin, high strung, inhibited, and introverted:

Answer 75

Ectomorph

Question 76

Contended that humans learn behavior, but he felt simple reinforcements and experience exists to explain why people act in certain ways:

Answer 76

Albert Bandura

Question 77

Called the process of interactive with our environment reciprocal determinism:

Answer 77

Albert Bandura

Question 78

The interacting influences between a person's behavior, personal factors, and environmental factors:

Answer 78

Reciprocal Determinism

Question 79

Degree to which a person thinks their efforts will result in a desired outcome:

Answer 79

Self-Efficacy

Question 80

Looked at people who differ in their perceptions of control:

Answer 80

Julian Rotter

Question 81

The perception that chance or outside forces determine their fate and does not feel in control; feels less happy, more depressed, less healthy:

Answer 81

External Locus Control

Question 82

The perception that one controls one's own fate; feels happier, less depressed, and healthier:

Answer 82

Internal Locus Control

Question 83

Focused on personal goals, identity is based on personal accomplishments; prefer to stand out, value personal choice and freedom:

Answer 83

Individualism

Question 84

Focused on relationships with others, identity is based on a role within the group; prefer to engage in behavior that supports the group:

Answer 84

Collectivism

Question 85

Presents an individual with an ambiguous stimulus and then asks them to describe it/tell a story about it:

Answer 85

Projective Tests

Question 86

Projective Tests were criticized for... -Lacking _____ and ____ because they are _____

Answer 86

Validity; reliability; subjective

Question 87

Most well known projective test; uses the individual's perceptions of inkblots to determine their personalities through a set of complex clinical judgments:

Answer 87

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Question 88

Created the Inkblot Test:

Answer 88

Hermann Rorschach

Question 89

Developed by Henry Murray:

Answer 89

The TAT

Question 90

Designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality by assuming the person projects their own feelings and thoughts in the story:

Answer 90

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 91

Tests in questionnaire format that include many statements or questions:

Answer 91

Self-Report Tests

Question 92

Constructed to help clinicians diagnose metnal disorders:

Answer 92

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Question 93

Contains 338 true/false questions that measure a number of personality characteristics and has built-in scales that assess validity and truthfulness of responses:

Answer 93

MMPI-2-RF (Revised)