ANATOMY - lower limb

Question 0

Lateral rotator group PGOGOQ

Name and function

Answer 0

• piriformis
• gemelli (superior and inferior)
• obturators (externals and infernus)
• quadratus femoris

o: sacrum
I: femur
A: lateral hip rotation

Question 1

Tensor fascia latae

Answer 1

O: iliac crest, ASIS
I: iliotibial tract
A: flex & medially rotate hip, supports knee laterally
N: superior gluteal (L4-S1)

Question 2

Gluteus Maximus

Answer 2

O: ilium, sacrum, coccyx, lumbosacral fascia
I: iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity
A: extension and lateral rotation of the hip
N: inferior gluteal (L5-S2)

Question 3

Gluteus medius

Answer 3

O: ilium, superiorly
I: greater trochanter
A: abducts hip, stabilises
N: superior gluteal (L4-S1)

Question 4

Gluteus minimus

Answer 4

O: lateral ilium (curved line)
I: greater trochanter
A: abducts hip, stabilises
N: superior gluteal (L4-S1)

Question 5

Iliopsoas

Iliacus

Answer 5

O: iliac fossa of ilium
I: lesser trochanter, with psoas major
A: hip flexion
N: femoral (L2-L3)

Question 6

Iliopsoas

Psoas Major

Answer 6

O: T12-L5 anteriorly
I: lesser trochanter
A: flexes hip
N: branches of lumbar plexus (L2-L3)

Question 7

Anterior Thigh Muscles

Rectus femoris

Answer 7

O: Anterior inferior iliac spine, superior rim of acetabulum
I: tibial tuberosity via patella ligament
A: extend knee and flex hip
N: femoral (L2-4)

Question 8

Anterior thigh muscles

Vastii

Answer 8

O: intermedius: anterolateral femur and lines aspera (under rectus femoris)
Lateralis: anterior, inferior to greater trochanter and linea aspera
Medialis: linea aspera and intertrochanteric line
I: tibial tuberosity via patella ligament
A: extend knee
N: femoral (L2-4)

Question 9

Sartorius

Answer 9

O: ASIS
I: medial, proximal tibia
A: knee flexion, hip flexion and lateral hip rotation
N: femoral (L2-3)

Question 10

Medial thigh: adductors

Adductor Magnus

Answer 10

O: inferior ramus of pubis (add head) and ischial tuberosity (hamstring head)
I: linea aspera, adductor tubercle of femur
A: adduction of thigh
N: obturator and sciatic

Question 11

Medial thigh: adductors

Adductor longus and brevis

Answer 11

O: inferior ramus of pubis
I: linea aspera of femur
A: adduct thigh
N: obturator (L3-4) and sciatic (L4-S3)

Question 12

Medial thigh: adductors

Pectineus

Answer 12

O: superior ramus of pubis
I: between lesser trochanter and linea aspera
A: adduct hip
N: femoral

Question 13

Medial thigh: adductors

Gracilis

Answer 13

O: pubis
I: tibia
A: adduct hip
N: obturator

Question 14

Posterior thigh

Biceps femoris

Answer 14

O: long head: ischial tuberosity
Short head: linea aspera
I: head of fibula, lateral condyle tibia (crosses posteriorly)
A: knee flexion, extension and lateral rotation of the hip
N: tibial and common fibular

Question 15

Posterior thigh

Semimembranosus

Answer 15

O: ischial tuberosity
I: posterior of medial condyle of tibia
A: knee flexion, extension and medial rotation of the hip
N: sciatic (tibial portion)

Question 16

Posterior thigh

Semitendinosus

Answer 16

O: ischial tuberosity
I: proximal, medial tibia
A: knee flexion, extension and medial rotation of the hip
N: sciatic (tibial portion)

Question 17

Iliotibial band

Answer 17

Not a muscle, connective tissue
Extends from iliac crest laterally and anteriorly from ASIS
Insets on lateral condyle of tibia

Question 18

Anterior leg (superficial) 
Tibialis anterior

Answer 18

O: tibia- superior/lateral, interosseus membrane
I: medial cuneiform and base 1st metatarsal
A: dorsifelxes ankle and inverts foot
N: deep fibular (L4-5)

Question 19

Anterior leg (superficial) 
Extensor digitorum longus

Answer 19

O: tibia-lateral condyle, fibula-superior medial surface
I: medial and distal phalanges, 2-5 digits
A: dorsiflex ankle, extension of toes 2-5
N: deep fibular (L4-5)

Question 20

Anterior leg (superficial) 
Extensor hallucis longus

Answer 20

O: fibula-anterior surface, interosseus membrane
I: dorsal base of distal phalanx of hallux
A: dorsiflexes ankle, extends hallux
N: deep fibular (L5-S1)

Question 21

Anterior ( deep)
Fibularis tertius (peroneus Tertius)

Answer 21

O: fibula- inferior, anterior, interosseus membrane
I: dorsal base, fifth metatarsal
A: dorsiflexes ankle, everts foot
N: deep fibular (L5-S1)

Question 22

Lateral compartment (superficial) 
Fibularis longus

Answer 22

O: upper lateral fibula
I: base fifth metatarsal and medial cuneiform
A: foot eversion
N: superficial fibular (L5, S1,S2)

Question 23

Lateral (superficial)

Fibularis brevis

Answer 23

O: interior lateral fibula
I: tuberosity on base of fifth metatarsal
A: foot eversion
N: superficial fibular (L5, S1, S2)

Question 24

Posterior (superficial) | Gastrocnemius

Answer 24

O: lateral head: lateral condyle of femur Medial head: superior to medial condyle of femur I: calcaneus via calcaneal tendon A: ankle plantarflexion, knee flexion N: tibial (S1-S2)

Question 25

Posterior ( superficial) | Soleus

Answer 25

``` O: tibia-upper posterior/medial surface Fibula-posterior, superior I: calcaneus via calcaneal tendon A: ankle plantar flexion N: tibial (S1-S2) ```

Question 26

Posterior (superficial) | Plantaris

Answer 26

O: inferior end of supracondylar line of femur, oblique popliteal I: calcaneus via calcaneal tendon A: plantar flexion, knee flexion N: tibial (S1-S2)

Question 27

Posterior (deep) | Popliteus

Answer 27

O: lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus I: posterior proximal tibia A: knee flexion, medial rotation of tibia (to unlock from full knee extension) N: tibial (L4-S1) Under soleus and gastrocnemius

Question 28

Posterior (deep) | Tibialis posterior

Answer 28

O: interosseus membrane, posterior tibia and fibula I: tuberosity of navicular, cunieforms, cuboid, base metatarsals 2-4 A: plantarflexion of ankle, inversion of foot, arch support N: tibial (L2-5)

Question 29

Posterior (deep) | Flexor hallucis longus

Answer 29

O: inferior posterior fibula, inferior interosseus membrane I: base distal phalanx hallux A: flexes hallux, weak planter flexion, arch support N: tibial (S2-3) Important for power off big toe

Question 30

Posterior (deep) | Flexor digitorum longus

Answer 30

O: medial posterior tibia, inferior to soleal line I: base distal phalanges, distal four toes A: flex lateral four toes, plantar flexion, arch support N: tibial (S2-3)

Question 31

Plantar 4th layer | 3 plantar interossei

Answer 31

O: medial shafts of metatarsals 3-5 I: medial shafts of proximal phalanges 3-5 A: PAD N: lateral plantar nerve

Question 32

Plantar 4th layer | Dorsal interossei

Answer 32

O: metatarsal shafts I: shafts of proximal phalanges 2-4 A: DAB N: lateral plantar nerve

Question 33

Dorsum of foot | Extensor hallucis brevis

Answer 33

O: calcaneus, interosseus tolocalcaneal ligament, inferior extensor reticulum I: dorsal, base proximal phalanx hallux A: extends metatarsophalangeal hallux N: deep fibular (L5-S1)

Question 34

Plantar 1st layer | Flexor digitorum brevis

Answer 34

O: tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar apopneurosis I: middle phalanx, lateral four toes A: flex lateral four toes N: medial plantar (S2-3)

Question 35

Plantar 1st layer | Abductor digiti minimi

Answer 35

O: tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar aponeurosis I: lateral side, base proximal phalanx 5th toe A: abducts and flexes fifth toe N: lateral plantar (S2-3)

Question 36

Plantar - first layer | Abductor hallucis

Answer 36

O: tuberosity of calcaneus, flexor retinaculum, plantar aponeurosis I: medial side, base proximal phalanx, 1st toe A: abducts and flexes hallux N: medial plantar (S2-3)

Question 37

Plantar - second layer | Lumbricals

Answer 37

O: tendons flexor digitorum longus I: medial aspect extensor expansion last four toes A: flex matatarsophalangeal joints, extend interphalangeal joints, lateral four toes N: medial and lateral plantar (S2-3)

Question 38

``` Plantar - second layer Quadratus Plantae (flexor accessorius) ```

Answer 38

O: plantar surface calcaneum I: posterior/lateral margin, flexor digitorum longus tendon A: assists flexor digitorum longus N: lateral plantar (S2-3) Pulls on flexors to correct line of pull so not medial