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PSYCH - Personality Flashcards

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0
Q

3 perspectives of personality

A
  1. Psychodynamic
  2. Humanistic
  3. Trait
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1
Q

Personality

A

A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions and behaviours that characterise the way an individual adapts to the world.

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2
Q

Psychodynamic theory

A
  • personality is unconscious
  • develops in stages
  • emphasises early experiences and the role of parents
  • personality is based on conflict- by a dynamic struggle
  • drives come into conflict with moral codes
  • derived from clinical practice
  • focuses on the whole individual
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3
Q

Freud’s psychodynamic theory

3 levels of consciousness

A
  1. Conscious: part of the mind that holds what you’re aware of
  2. Preconscious: ordinary memory
  3. Unconscious: not directly accessible to awareness
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4
Q

Freud’s psychodynamic theory

Freud’s structure of the mind

A
  1. Id
  2. Ego
  3. Superego
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5
Q

Id

A
  1. Unconscious, irrational, emotional part of the mind
  2. At birth a baby’s mind is all Id
  3. Source of libido (psychic energy)
  4. Only one rule = the pleasure principle
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6
Q

If Id is too strong…

A
  • bound up in self-gratification

- uncaring to others

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7
Q

Ego

A
  1. Rational part of mind
  2. Develops out of awareness that you can’t always get what you want
  3. Negotiates between Id and superego
  4. Relates to the real world = the reality principle
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8
Q

I’d ego is too strong…

A
  • extremely rational and efficient

- cold, boring and distant

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9
Q

Superego

A
  1. Moral part of mind
  2. Last part to develop
  3. Embodies parental and societal values
  4. Provides rules for good and bad behaviour
  5. Enforces rules by creating anxiety = the morality principle
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10
Q

If superego is too strong…

A
  • feel guilty all the time

- May be unbearably saintly

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11
Q

Freud’s psychodynamic theory

Purpose of defence mechanisms

A

Prevent conscious mind from being aware of the “forbidden memories, shameful feelings” etc

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12
Q

Freud’s psychodynamic theory

Psychosexual stages of development

A
  • baby is bubbling with energy (libido: psychic energy)
  • as development occurs the baby begins to focus on first one object, then another
  • as the infant’s focus shifts, the style and type of gratification being sought changes
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13
Q

Freud’s psychodynamic theory
Psychosexual stages of development
1. Oral stage
Birth-18 months

A

Physical focus:
Mouth, lips, tongue
Sucking = food

Psychological theme:
Dependency
-if not fulfilled baby is mistrustful
-over fulfilled baby finds it hard to cope with world that doesn’t meet all of his/her demands

Adult character:
Dependent/independent

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14
Q

Freud’s psychodynamic theory
Psychosexual stages of development

  1. Anal stage
    18 months-3 1/2 years
A

Physical focus:
Anus (elimination)
-baby has to control bowels and behaviour
Psychological theme:
Self control/obedience
-what goes wrong here is parents being too controlling or not controlling enough
Adult character:
Dependent/independent
-anally retentive (rigid, overly organised, obedient to authority) versus
-anally expulsive (little self control, disorganised, defiant, hostile)

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15
Q

Freud’s psychodynamic theory
Psychosexual stages of development

  1. Phallic stage
    3 1/2 years-6 years
A

Physical focus:
Penis
Psychological theme:
-morality and sexuality identification
-figuring out what it means to be a girl/boy
-sexual feelings for the opposite sexed parent (Oedipus/Electra complexes)
-castration anxiety/penis envy
-during this time emotional conflicts are resolved by eventually identifying with the same sex parent
Adult character:
-promiscuous and amoral versus
-asexual and puritanical

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16
Q

Freud’s psychodynamic theory
Psychosexual stages of development

  1. Latency stage
    6yrs - puberty
A
  • period of relative calm
  • sexual and aggressive drives less active
  • low psychosexual conflict
  • time of within-gender play
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17
Q

Freud’s psychodynamic theory
Psychosexual stages of development

  1. Genital stage
    Puberty - adulthood
A 
Physical focus: 
Genitals 
Psychological focus:
-maturity 
-creation and enhancement of life
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18
Q

Freud’s psychodynamic theory

Aims of psychoanalysis
Treatment based on psychodynamic theory

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A
  • uncovering the unconscious
  • intellectual understanding
  • release of pent-up emotions
19
Q

Freud’s psychodynamic theory

Techniques of psychoanalysis
Treatment based on psychodynamic theory

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A
  • free-association

- analysis of dreams

20
Q

Freud’s psychodynamic theory

Therapeutic processes of psychoanalysis
Treatment based in psychodynamic theory

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A
  • resistance
  • transference
  • insight
21
Q

Humanistic theory of personality

Definition

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A

Stresses a person’s capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose one’s own destiny, and positive human qualities

22
Q

Humanistic theory

Abraham Maslow

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A
  • growth and behaviour are motivated by needs forming a heir archly
  • needs must be met at the base before a person becomes aware if and tries to fulfill needs at the higher levels
  • process is called self-actualisation
23
Q

Humanistic theory

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of needs

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A 
Self actualisation 
Esteem 
Love 
----------------------- growth needs 
----------------------- basic needs 
Safety 
Physiological
24
Humanistic theory Abraham Maslow Self-actualised person is...
- reality centred - accepting of oneself and others - spontaneous - independent of the environment
25
Humanistic theory Abraham Maslow The psychology of health
- mental ill health is the result of frustration of needs - cured when needs are met - inner nature is good - self-actualisation only achieved through discipline, deprivation, frustration, pain and loss - focus in on the healthy personality, not abnormality
26
Humanistic theory Criticisms
- tendency to avoid empirical research - too optimistic - inclination to encourage excessive self-love
27
Trait perspective of personality Definition
- a personality trait is an enduring psychological characteristic if the person that influences their behaviour in a particular domain - some are limited (secondary traits), some summarise major aspects of personality (cardinal traits) - assumed to be essentially stable over time and across situations
28
Trait perspective of personality Big 5 theory or Five Factor Model
- derived from large number of self and peer reports - five predictable dimensions of personality common to most tests - form a normal distribution - emphasise traits not types - preferences show up in strength of score Model based on experience, not theory
29
Trait perspective of personality Big 5 theory or Five Factor Model OCEAN
- 'openness to experience' - a flexible and curious willingness to find out about new things - 'conscientiousness' - a disciplined and diligent tendency in a person - 'extraversion' - a sociable and lively orientation towards people and things - 'agreeableness' - a sympathetic, trusting, cooperative person - 'neuroticism' - emotionality
30
Trait perspective of personality Big five theory of five factor model OCEAN These traits are...
- universal - stable over time - predictive of behaviour - testable
31
Trait perspective of personality Criticisms
- difficult to maintain the notion of a trait if people's behaviour varies over time and situation - pays little attention to the role of the unconscious - doesn't explosion the role of "nurture" ( child-rearing and early experiences) in forming personality
32
Personality assessment
- usually carried out by trained psychologists - based on preferred theory and intended use of info - can be validated scientifically - norms available for comparison to relevant groups - multiple sources of info used
33
Personality assessment The four types
1. Self-report inventories 2. Projective tests 3. Behavioural observation 4. Clinical interview
34
Personality assessment The four types 1. Self-report inventories
A questionnaire is completed and scored in order to determine the degrees to which the person is described by the various traits or factors measured in the tests Eg. MBTI (Myers-Briggs personality inventory) or NEO-PI (big 5 traits)
35
Personality assessment The four types 2. Projective tests
Fantastic material is written, or questions are answered, about an ambitious picture. Fantasy material is scored and interpreted, or answers ate scored in order to construct a personality profile. Eg. Rorschach Inkblot Test or Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) -shown pictures and asked to finish the story
36
Personality assessment The four types 3. Behavioural observation
Actions and behaviours are recorded and frequency counts are made to determine type
37
Personality assessment The four types 4. Clinical interview
Specific questions are asked in order to arrive at typology
38
Personality tests Criticisms
-assumption that personality is enduring and consistent across times and situations -assumption that personality measures are reliable -assumption that personality measures after valid -possibility of discrimination against race, or gender, etc -problem of social desirability bias and other errors for self-report inventories Eg answering in way you think will make you look good
39
Psychotherapy
An interaction between a psychotherapist and a client that leads to changes -from a less adaptive state to a more adaptive state - in the client's thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
40
Psychodynamic psychoanalysis | post-Freudian
- sessions once a week - sit face-to-face - treatment is an interactive process between the patient and the psychotherapist - transference of feelings onto therapist
41
Person-centred therapy (Client-centred therapy) Humanistic
- more personal relationship with client - help the patient reach realisation that they can help themselves - pushing the client towards growth- - stress on present rather than the past - empathy with client's emotions
42
Assertive communication
Tendency to: - state feelings, needs and wants appropriately - speak clearly and use appropriate gestures - maintain eye contact
43
Assertive statements | 3 parts
- facts: what it is, exactly, that the other person has done or is doing - feelings: what effect does their behaviour have on your feelings - requirements and benefits: what you are asking for and how it will benefit the other person
44
Assertive statements ... Carefully select language
- keep to facts - avoid: - exaggerations - being judgemental - use "I" not "you" statements - express your own thoughts, feelings and opinions
45
Assertive training
Behaviour is learned, therefore can be relearned 1. Prepare: have the facts 2. Rehearse/role play: know what to saw and how to say it - work with a friend or group or therapist 3. Practice your skills in real life- eye contact, posture 4. Be prepared to learn from outcomes

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