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BIO - Cells Flashcards

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0
Q

Describe the size and structural organisation of prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells:

  • have no nucleus and few organelles
  • contain ribosomes (for proteins)
  • circular DNA and plasmid (from the one circular chromosome)
  • cell wall
  • one felled organisms eg bacteria
  • small: 0.2micrometer-2micrometer
  • reproduce by binary fission
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0
Q

Describe the size and structural orginisation of eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells:

  • have a distinct membrane bound nucleus and complex membrane bound organelles
  • large: 10micrometers-100micrometers
  • linear DNA (in chromosomes)
  • found in complex living organisms eg humans
  • reproduce by mitosis
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0
Q

Describe the size and structural orginisation of eukaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells:

  • have a distinct membrane bound nucleus and complex membrane bound organelles
  • large: 10micrometers-100micrometers
  • linear DNA (in chromosomes)
  • found in complex living organisms eg humans
  • reproduce by mitosis
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1
Q

Describe the size and structural organisation of prokaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic cells:

  • have no nucleus and few organelles
  • contain ribosomes (for proteins)
  • circular DNA and plasmid (from the one circular chromosome)
  • cell wall
  • one felled organisms eg bacteria
  • small: 0.2micrometer-2micrometer
  • reproduce by binary fission
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2
Q

All cells have a lipoprotein cell membrane. Describe the structure and function of the cell membrane in terms of the fluid mosaic model

A

Cell membrane made up of phospholipids (hydrophobic fatty acid tails and hydrophilic phosphate heads) arranged as a bi layer

Fluid: proteins and phospholipids move fluidly throughout the membrane, constantly changing their position
Mosaic: the membrane is a mosaic do different types of proteins, cholesterol and carbohydrates

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2
Q

All cells have a lipoprotein cell membrane. Describe the structure and function of the cell membrane in terms of the fluid mosaic model

A

Cell membrane made up of phospholipids (hydrophobic fatty acid tails and hydrophilic phosphate heads) arranged as a bi layer

Fluid: proteins and phospholipids move fluidly throughout the membrane, constantly changing their position
Mosaic: the membrane is a mosaic do different types of proteins, cholesterol and carbohydrates

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3
Q

State three functions of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Regulation
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3
Q

State three functions of the cytoskeleton

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Regulation
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4
Q

Describe how the cytoskeleton aids in support

A

The cytoskeleton maintains the shape of animal cells in the absence of a cell wall. Organelles are supported and attached to the cytoskeleton in the cytoplasm.

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4
Q

Describe how the cytoskeleton aids in support

A

The cytoskeleton maintains the shape of animal cells in the absence of a cell wall. Organelles are supported and attached to the cytoskeleton in the cytoplasm.

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5
Q

Describe how the cytoskeleton assists in movement

A

Cytoskeleton is involved in a variety of movements:

  • movement of vesicles inside the cell as in exocytosis
  • movement of chromosomes during cell division
  • movement of cilia and flagella
  • contraction and expansion of muscle cells
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5
Q

Describe how the cytoskeleton assists in movement

A

Cytoskeleton is involved in a variety of movements:

  • movement of vesicles inside the cell as in exocytosis
  • movement of chromosomes during cell division
  • movement of cilia and flagella
  • contraction and expansion of muscle cells
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6
Q

Describe how the cytoskeleton is involved in regulation

A

Cytoskeleton is involved in the relay of messages rom the external environment to the cells interior
Eg hormone messages move along the cytoskeleton

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6
Q

Describe how the cytoskeleton is involved in regulation

A

Cytoskeleton is involved in the relay of messages rom the external environment to the cells interior
Eg hormone messages move along the cytoskeleton

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7
Q

The infra cellular environment of a cell differs in composition from the Extracellular environment
Describe the differences between the cytoplasm and the extra cellular environment

A

Cytoplasm

  • supported by matrix
  • fluid consisting mainly of water
  • dissolved solutes/ions
  • regulated concentration of solutes

Extra cellular environment

  • supported by matrix
  • fluid consisting mainly of water
  • dissolved solutes/ions
  • minimal regulation of solutes
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7
Q

The infra cellular environment of a cell differs in composition from the Extracellular environment
Describe the differences between the cytoplasm and the extra cellular environment

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A

Cytoplasm

  • supported by matrix
  • fluid consisting mainly of water
  • dissolved solutes/ions
  • regulated concentration of solutes

Extra cellular environment

  • supported by matrix
  • fluid consisting mainly of water
  • dissolved solutes/ions
  • minimal regulation of solutes
8
Q

Movement of substances across membranes may be passive or require the expenditure if energy
List the types of movement and whether they are active or passive

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A 
Diffusion - passive 
Osmosis - passive
Active transport - active 
Endocytosis - active 
Exocytosis - active
8
Q

Movement of substances across membranes may be passive or require the expenditure if energy
List the types of movement and whether they are active or passive

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A 
Diffusion - passive 
Osmosis - passive
Active transport - active 
Endocytosis - active 
Exocytosis - active
9
Q

Diffusion

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A
  • Soluble molecules that are not too large may be able to move across cell membranes freely
  • if there is a concentration difference (concentration gradient) of a particular particle on either side of the membrane, more particles will move from the region of high concentration to that of low concentration until equilibrium is reached
  • passive
9
Q

Diffusion

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A
  • Soluble molecules that are not too large may be able to move across cell membranes freely
  • if there is a concentration difference (concentration gradient) of a particular particle on either side of the membrane, more particles will move from the region of high concentration to that of low concentration until equilibrium is reached
  • passive
10
Q

Types of diffusion

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A

Simple diffusion
-no use of proteins

Facilitated diffusion

  • facilitated by channel proteins
  • still passive
  • used with larger molecules that are unable to diffuse freely
10
Q

Types of diffusion

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A

Simple diffusion
-no use of proteins

Facilitated diffusion

  • facilitated by channel proteins
  • still passive
  • used with larger molecules that are unable to diffuse freely
11
Q

Osmosis

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A
  • diffusion of water
  • movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of low to high solute concentration
  • solutes can’t pass through
11
Q

Osmosis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • diffusion of water
  • movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of low to high solute concentration
  • solutes can’t pass through
12
Active transport
- transport of substances from region of lower concentration to higher concentration - in body this occurs usually due to cells needing to accumulate (or release) higher concentrations of molecules such as ions, glucose and amino acids - carrier proteins used (active)
12
Active transport
- transport of substances from region of lower concentration to higher concentration - in body this occurs usually due to cells needing to accumulate (or release) higher concentrations of molecules such as ions, glucose and amino acids - carrier proteins used (active)
13
Endocytosis
-uptake of large moleculecular substances by surrounding them in the cell membrane and forming a vacuole -can be of liquid (pinocytosis) or solid (phagocytosis) -eg. Bacteria engulfed by white blood cell (phagocytosis) Fat droplet absorbed in intestine (pinocytosis)
13
Endocytosis
-uptake of large moleculecular substances by surrounding them in the cell membrane and forming a vacuole -can be of liquid (pinocytosis) or solid (phagocytosis) -eg. Bacteria engulfed by white blood cell (phagocytosis) Fat droplet absorbed in intestine (pinocytosis)
14
Exocytosis
-secretion of large particles -process involves packaging of large molecules by Golgi bodies, then transport to cell membrane for excretion Eg. Gland cells: secretion of mucus in respiratory system Adrenal gland: secretion of adrenalin (hormone)
14
Exocytosis
-secretion of large particles -process involves packaging of large molecules by Golgi bodies, then transport to cell membrane for excretion Eg. Gland cells: secretion of mucus in respiratory system Adrenal gland: secretion of adrenalin (hormone)
15
Some molecules contain energy that can be released hen chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed Describe the ATP/ADP cycle
ATP -> breakdown (releases free energy for reactions, active transport, growth) -> ADP + P -> synthesis (uses energy from respiration reactions) -> ATP When broken down, the ATP molecule releases energy from its high energy bond. This can be used for cell use
15
Some molecules contain energy that can be released hen chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed Describe the ATP/ADP cycle
ATP -> breakdown (releases free energy for reactions, active transport, growth) -> ADP + P -> synthesis (uses energy from respiration reactions) -> ATP When broken down, the ATP molecule releases energy from its high energy bond. This can be used for cell use
16
The sun is the main source of energy for life. The light energy can be used by some cells. Describe this process
Photosynthesis - autotrophs synthesis organic compounds into simple inorganic compounds - carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen - occurs in chloroplasts found in the leaves of plants - light is absorbed by a pigment called chlorophyll located in the thylakoids - plant leaves contain cells which are able to convert light energy into chemical energy - mesophyll cells - contain the pigment chlorophyll in organelles called chloroplast
16
The sun is the main source of energy for life. The light energy can be used by some cells. Describe this process
Photosynthesis - autotrophs synthesis organic compounds into simple inorganic compounds - carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen - occurs in chloroplasts found in the leaves of plants - light is absorbed by a pigment called chlorophyll located in the thylakoids - plant leaves contain cells which are able to convert light energy into chemical energy - mesophyll cells - contain the pigment chlorophyll in organelles called chloroplast

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