PSYCH - Healthy Minds Flashcards
(158 cards)
0
Q
Protective factors for mental disorders
Biological level:
Physiological toughness
A
Physiological toughness involves relations between 2 stress hormones:
Adrenaline (wear and tear on the body)
-low resting level, quick response to stress, quick return to resting level
Cortisol (depletion of immune system)
-low resting level, low response to stress
Explains why:
Exercise is health enhancing - works on adrenaline response, not cortisol, therefore promotes physiological toughness and stress resistance
1
Q
Protective factors for mental disorders
A
Environmental or personal resources that help people fare better in the face of stress.
2
Q
Protective factors for mental disorders
Basic processes level:
Hardiness
A
Hardiness - a stress-protective facto comprised of 3 beliefs:
- Commitment - to work, family, religion, other involvements seen as important
- Control - over outcomes, not powerless
- Challenge - see demands as challenges not threats
3
Q
Protective factors for mental disorders
Basic processes level:
Other factors
A
- coping self-efficacy: the belief that we can perform the behaviours necessary to cope successfully
- optimistic expectations: the belief that things will turn out positively
- finding meaning in stressful life events
- school achievement
- IQ
- problem solving
4
Q
Protective factors for mental disorders
Person level:
Type B behaviour pattern
A
Type A/type B behaviour pattern
Type As- workaholics, competitive, ambitious, always doing more in less time
Constant pressure causes emotional reactions and hostility which alienates others and reduces their social support
Overreact physiologically to stressors = higher risk of hear attacks
Type B is protective
5
Q
Protective factors for mental disorders
Sociocultural level:
Social support
A
Social support:
The knowledge that we can rely on others for help and support ins time of crisis helps blunt the impact of stress
-enhances immune function
-greater sense of identity and meaning in life
-increases control over stressors
-social pressure not to respond to stress using maladaptive behaviours (eg. Alcohol and drugs)
6
Q
Mental disorders
What is abnormal?
A
- infrequency
- norm violation
- personal suffering
7
Q
Mental disorders
Impaired functioning
A
= difficulty in fulfilling appropriate and expected family, social, and work related roles
Includes thoughts, behaviours and emotional reactions (appropriate to culture)
8
Q
Anxiety
Definition
A
A vague unpleasant emotion that is experienced in anticipation of some (usually ill-defined) misfortune
9
Q
Anxiety disorder
Definition
A
A condition in which intense feelings of apprehension are long-standing and disruptive
Affects 1/20
10
Q
Anxiety disorders:
Main types
A
- generalised anxiety disorder: worry constantly about self or loved ones being harmed
- agoraphobia
- specific phobia
- social phobia
- OCD
- PTSD
11
Q
Anxiety disorders:
Physical symptoms
A
- rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
- stomach problems (gnawing feeling, butterflies, diarrhoea, irritated bowel syndrome)
- breaking out in a sweat, or feeling cold and clammy
- bodily tension or aches - chest pain
- fatigue - trouble sleeping
12
Q
Anxiety disorders:
Phychological symptoms
A
- general sense of apprehension and dread
- jumpiness
- irritation
13
Q
Anxiety disorders:
General anxiety disorder
A
- excessive and long lasting anxiety that is not focused on any particular object or situation
- more common in women
- often co-occurs with substance abuse and depression
14
Q
Anxiety disorders:
Agoraphobia
A
- fear of places or situations that are difficult to leave or unable to get help
- fear of crowded places, supermarkets, confined spaces, using public transport, lifts, freeways, heights
- May find comfort with a safe person/object (friend, pet, carry medicine)
- common onset 15-20 or 30-40
- more women than men seek help p
15
Q
Anxiety disorders:
Specific phobia
A
- eg. Spiders, heights, water
- go to unusual lengths to avoid
- feel fine when object not present
16
Q
Anxiety disorders:
Social phobia
A
- fear of being negatively judged
- believe they are flawed if they are seen to make a mistake
- believe they are worthless
- cope by trying to do things perfectly
- limit what they do in front of others (eating, drinking, speaking, writing)
- gradual withdrawal from others
17
Q
Anxiety disorder:
OCD
Obsessive compulsive disorder
A
- constant unwanted thoughts
- performing rituals that interfere greatly with daily life
- embarrassed and keep the info from family/friends
18
Q
Anxiety disorder:
PTSD
Post traumatic stress disorder
A
- experience major trauma: war, torture, cat accidents, fire, personal violence
- continue to feel terror long after the event
- experience flashbacks/nightmares
- can be spontaneous when triggers occur: sight, sound, smell, touch
19
Q
Anxiety disorder:
Panic disorder
A
- extreme panic attacks in situations where most people wouldn’t be afraid
- unpleasant physical anxiety symptoms
- fear that attack will cause loss of control or death
- results in people fearing to leave the house and going to a place where help may not be available
19
Q
Anxiety disorder:
Panic disorder
A
- extreme panic attacks in situations where most people wouldn’t be afraid
- unpleasant physical anxiety symptoms
- fear that attack will cause loss of control or death
- results in people fearing to leave the house and going to a place where help may not be available
19
Q
Anxiety disorder:
Panic disorder
A
- extreme panic attacks in situations where most people wouldn’t be afraid
- unpleasant physical anxiety symptoms
- fear that attack will cause loss of control or death
- results in people fearing to leave the house and going to a place where help may not be available
19
Q
Anxiety disorder:
Panic disorder
A
- extreme panic attacks in situations where most people wouldn’t be afraid
- unpleasant physical anxiety symptoms
- fear that attack will cause loss of control or death
- results in people fearing to leave the house and going to a place where help may not be available
20
Q
Anxiety disorder:
Causes
Biological
A
- runs in families (genetic)
- autonomic nervous system
- excess noradrenaline in brain
- poorly regulated serotonin
- interference with GABA
20
Anxiety disorder:
Causes
Biological
- runs in families (genetic)
- autonomic nervous system
- excess noradrenaline in brain
- poorly regulated serotonin
- interference with GABA
20
Anxiety disorder:
Causes
Biological
- runs in families (genetic)
- autonomic nervous system
- excess noradrenaline in brain
- poorly regulated serotonin
- interference with GABA
20
Anxiety disorder:
Causes
Biological
- runs in families (genetic)
- autonomic nervous system
- excess noradrenaline in brain
- poorly regulated serotonin
- interference with GABA
21
Anxiety disorder:
Causes
Basic processes
- observational learning in families or after natural disasters
- interpret social situations as threatening and exaggerate danger
- negative reinforcement by relieving the anxiety
- classical conditioning of phobias
21
Anxiety disorder:
Causes
Basic processes
- observational learning in families or after natural disasters
- interpret social situations as threatening and exaggerate danger
- negative reinforcement by relieving the anxiety
- classical conditioning of phobias
21
Anxiety disorder:
Causes
Basic processes
- observational learning in families or after natural disasters
- interpret social situations as threatening and exaggerate danger
- negative reinforcement by relieving the anxiety
- classical conditioning of phobias
21
Anxiety disorder:
Causes
Basic processes
- observational learning in families or after natural disasters
- interpret social situations as threatening and exaggerate danger
- negative reinforcement by relieving the anxiety
- classical conditioning of phobias
22
Anxiety disorder:
Causes
Person level
- more prevalent in women than men
- easily upset/aroused/sensitive/emotiona
- shyness in childhood may be prone to develop social phobias
Neurotic trait (Eysenck)
Freud- ego defences not controlling uncon. conflicts
Conflicts between archetypes and shadows in Jung
Did not receive unconditional positive regard (Rogers)
Not self-actualised (Maslow)
22
Anxiety disorder:
Causes
Person level
- more prevalent in women than men
- easily upset/aroused/sensitive/emotional
- shyness in childhood may be prone to develop social phobias
Neurotic trait (Eysenck)
Freud- ego defences not controlling uncon. conflicts
Conflicts between archetypes and shadows in Jung
Did not receive unconditional positive regard (Rogers)
Not self-actualised (Maslow)
22
Anxiety disorder:
Causes
Person level
- more prevalent in women than men
- easily upset/aroused/sensitive/emotional
- shyness in childhood may be prone to develop social phobias
Neurotic trait (Eysenck)
Freud- ego defences not controlling uncon. conflicts
Conflicts between archetypes and shadows in Jung
Did not receive unconditional positive regard (Rogers)
Not self-actualised (Maslow)
22
Anxiety disorder:
Causes
Person level
- more prevalent in women than men
- easily upset/aroused/sensitive/emotional
- shyness in childhood may be prone to develop social phobias
Neurotic trait (Eysenck)
Freud- ego defences not controlling uncon. conflicts
Conflicts between archetypes and shadows in Jung
Did not receive unconditional positive regard (Rogers)
Not self-actualised (Maslow)
23
Anxiety disorder:
Causes
Socio-cultural level
- physical, social, economic and cultural situation
- more prevalent in women than men
- form of anxiety may differ across cultures
Attitudes/beliefs are negative where normally people wouldn't be afraid
23
Anxiety disorder:
Causes
Socio-cultural level
- physical, social, economic and cultural situation
- more prevalent in women than men
- form of anxiety may differ across cultures
Attitudes/beliefs are negative where normally people wouldn't be afraid
23
Anxiety disorder:
Causes
Socio-cultural level
- physical, social, economic and cultural situation
- more prevalent in women than men
- form of anxiety may differ across cultures
Attitudes/beliefs are negative where normally people wouldn't be afraid
23
Anxiety disorder:
Causes
Socio-cultural level
- physical, social, economic and cultural situation
- more prevalent in women than men
- form of anxiety may differ across cultures
Attitudes/beliefs are negative where normally people wouldn't be afraid
24
Anxiety disorder:
Treatments
Usually based on learning theories:
-behaviour therapy -classical conditioning
Eg. Systematic desensitisation
-behaviour modification - operant conditioning
-modeling -eg assertiveness or social skills training
-cognitive-behaviour therapy
24
Anxiety disorder:
Treatments
Usually based on learning theories:
-behaviour therapy -classical conditioning
Eg. Systematic desensitisation
-behaviour modification - operant conditioning
-modeling -eg assertiveness or social skills training
-cognitive-behaviour therapy
24
Anxiety disorder:
Treatments
Usually based on learning theories:
-behaviour therapy -classical conditioning
Eg. Systematic desensitisation
-behaviour modification - operant conditioning
-modeling -eg assertiveness or social skills training
-cognitive-behaviour therapy
24
Anxiety disorder:
Treatments
Usually based on learning theories:
-behaviour therapy -classical conditioning
Eg. Systematic desensitisation
-behaviour modification - operant conditioning
-modeling -eg assertiveness or social skills training
-cognitive-behaviour therapy
25
Anxiety
```
Treatments 1
(Psychological interventions)
```
Cognitive behaviour therapy
CBT
A combination of cognitive therapy to change self-defeating thoughts and behaviour therapy to change behaviours
Self-efficacy is the key to successful therapy. (A belief in one's capabilities to organise and execute the course of action required to attain a goal)
-identify habitual thoughts
-therapist models and encourages client to practice and develop new and more adaptive ways of thinking (cognitive restructuring)
-becomes easier and more rewarding for client to behave in accordance with new cognitive skills.
I
25
Anxiety
```
Treatments 1
(Psychological interventions)
```
Cognitive behaviour therapy
CBT
A combination of cognitive therapy to change self-defeating thoughts and behaviour therapy to change behaviours
Self-efficacy is the key to successful therapy. (A belief in one's capabilities to organise and execute the course of action required to attain a goal)
-identify habitual thoughts
-therapist models and encourages client to practice and develop new and more adaptive ways of thinking (cognitive restructuring)
-becomes easier and more rewarding for client to behave in accordance with new cognitive skills.
I
25
Anxiety
```
Treatments 1
(Psychological interventions)
```
Cognitive behaviour therapy
CBT
A combination of cognitive therapy to change self-defeating thoughts and behaviour therapy to change behaviours
Self-efficacy is the key to successful therapy. (A belief in one's capabilities to organise and execute the course of action required to attain a goal)
-identify habitual thoughts
-therapist models and encourages client to practice and develop new and more adaptive ways of thinking (cognitive restructuring)
-becomes easier and more rewarding for client to behave in accordance with new cognitive skills.
I
25
Anxiety
```
Treatments 1
(Psychological interventions)
```
Cognitive behaviour therapy
CBT
A combination of cognitive therapy to change self-defeating thoughts and behaviour therapy to change behaviours
Self-efficacy is the key to successful therapy. (A belief in one's capabilities to organise and execute the course of action required to attain a goal)
-identify habitual thoughts
-therapist models and encourages client to practice and develop new and more adaptive ways of thinking (cognitive restructuring)
-becomes easier and more rewarding for client to behave in accordance with new cognitive skills.
I
26
Anxiety
```
Treatments 2
(Psychological interventions)
```
Combination therapy
CBT + drugs
- cognitive therapy used in conjunction with drug therapy has been effectively used to treat anxiety disorders
- studies have also shown that cognitive therapy is just as effective as drug therapy (for mild anxiety)
- anti-anxiety drugs = tranquillisers (eg. Valium)
26
Anxiety
```
Treatments 2
(Psychological interventions)
```
Combination therapy
CBT + drugs
- cognitive therapy used in conjunction with drug therapy has been effectively used to treat anxiety disorders
- studies have also shown that cognitive therapy is just as effective as drug therapy (for mild anxiety)
- anti-anxiety drugs = tranquillisers (eg. Valium)
26
Anxiety
```
Treatments 2
(Psychological interventions)
```
Combination therapy
CBT + drugs
- cognitive therapy used in conjunction with drug therapy has been effectively used to treat anxiety disorders
- studies have also shown that cognitive therapy is just as effective as drug therapy (for mild anxiety)
- anti-anxiety drugs = tranquillisers (eg. Valium)
27
Depression
Definition
A sad emotional state or mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure or maintain an interest in life
1 in 4 women and 1 in 6 men
(20% of Australians sometime in life)
50% co-morbid with anxiety
27
Depression
Definition
A sad emotional state or mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure or maintain an interest in life
1 in 4 women and 1 in 6 men
(20% of Australians sometime in life)
50% co-morbid with anxiety
27
Depression
Definition
A sad emotional state or mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure or maintain an interest in life
1 in 4 women and 1 in 6 men
(20% of Australians sometime in life)
50% co-morbid with anxiety
28
Depression
Common feelings/experiences
- hopelessness and worthlessness
- feeling overwhelmed, can't cope
- world seems empty and colourless
- a sense of oppressive weight or deadness
- feeling completely isolated - unable to seek help
- feeling nervous and tense
- are irritable and frustrated
28
Depression
Common feelings/experiences
- hopelessness and worthlessness
- feeling overwhelmed, can't cope
- world seems empty and colourless
- a sense of oppressive weight or deadness
- feeling completely isolated - unable to seek help
- feeling nervous and tense
- are irritable and frustrated
28
Depression
Common feelings/experiences
- hopelessness and worthlessness
- feeling overwhelmed, can't cope
- world seems empty and colourless
- a sense of oppressive weight or deadness
- feeling completely isolated - unable to seek help
- feeling nervous and tense
- are irritable and frustrated
29
Depression
Common behaviours
- Withdraw from social interaction
- are awake throughout the night
- increase their alcohol or drug use
- stay home from work or school
- have more health complaints like fatigue or pain
- take more risks eg reckless driving
- are sensitive to minor criticisms and noise
29
Depression
Common behaviours
- Withdraw from social interaction
- are awake throughout the night
- increase their alcohol or drug use
- stay home from work or school
- have more health complaints like fatigue or pain
- take more risks eg reckless driving
- are sensitive to minor criticisms and noise
29
Depression
Common behaviours
- Withdraw from social interaction
- are awake throughout the night
- increase their alcohol or drug use
- stay home from work or school
- have more health complaints like fatigue or pain
- take more risks eg reckless driving
- are sensitive to minor criticisms and noise
30
Depression
Symptoms of a "major depressive disorder"
5 present for a period of two weeks, most of the day, nearly everyday
1. Feelings of intense sadness or an inability to feel emotion
2. Loss of pleasure/interest in most or all daily activities
3. Changes in appetite
4. Disturbed sleep (early waking, insomnia, etc)
5. Psychomotor agitation
6. Mental and physical fatigue and lethargy
7. Feelings of guilt, hopelessness
8. Inability to concentrate, think, make decisions, recall things
9. Recurring thoughts of death; suicidal ideation
30
Depression
Symptoms of a "major depressive disorder"
5 present for a period of two weeks, most of the day, nearly everyday
1. Feelings of intense sadness or an inability to feel emotion
2. Loss of pleasure/interest in most or all daily activities
3. Changes in appetite
4. Disturbed sleep (early waking, insomnia, etc)
5. Psychomotor agitation
6. Mental and physical fatigue and lethargy
7. Feelings of guilt, hopelessness
8. Inability to concentrate, think, make decisions, recall things
9. Recurring thoughts of death; suicidal ideation
30
Depression
Symptoms of a "major depressive disorder"
5 present for a period of two weeks, most of the day, nearly everyday
1. Feelings of intense sadness or an inability to feel emotion
2. Loss of pleasure/interest in most or all daily activities
3. Changes in appetite
4. Disturbed sleep (early waking, insomnia, etc)
5. Psychomotor agitation
6. Mental and physical fatigue and lethargy
7. Feelings of guilt, hopelessness
8. Inability to concentrate, think, make decisions, recall things
9. Recurring thoughts of death; suicidal ideation
31
Depression
Symptoms of a "dysthymic disorder"
Chronic depression over 1-2 years with breaks of up to 2 months of normal mood
Two or more of:
1. Poor appetite or overeating
2. Sleep problems
3. Low energy or fatigue
4. Low self esteem
5. Poor concentration, difficulty making decisions
6. Feelings of hopelessness
31
Depression
Symptoms of a "dysthymic disorder"
Chronic depression over 1-2 years with breaks of up to 2 months of normal mood
Two or more of:
1. Poor appetite or overeating
2. Sleep problems
3. Low energy or fatigue
4. Low self esteem
5. Poor concentration, difficulty making decisions
6. Feelings of hopelessness
31
Depression
Symptoms of a "dysthymic disorder"
Chronic depression over 1-2 years with breaks of up to 2 months of normal mood
Two or more of:
1. Poor appetite or overeating
2. Sleep problems
3. Low energy or fatigue
4. Low self esteem
5. Poor concentration, difficulty making decisions
6. Feelings of hopelessness
32
Effective coping strategies
1 problem focused coping
Eg. Structured problem solving
Step 1: identify problems, write them down
2: work out what options are available, write them down
3: list the advantages and disadvantages of each option, taking into account jest resources are available to you
4: identify the best option(s)
5: list the steps required for this option(s) to be carried out
6: carry out the best option and then check its effectiveness
32
Effective coping strategies
1 problem focused coping
Eg. Structured problem solving
Step 1: identify problems, write them down
2: work out what options are available, write them down
3: list the advantages and disadvantages of each option, taking into account jest resources are available to you
4: identify the best option(s)
5: list the steps required for this option(s) to be carried out
6: carry out the best option and then check its effectiveness
32
Effective coping strategies
1 problem focused coping
Eg. Structured problem solving
Step 1: identify problems, write them down
2: work out what options are available, write them down
3: list the advantages and disadvantages of each option, taking into account jest resources are available to you
4: identify the best option(s)
5: list the steps required for this option(s) to be carried out
6: carry out the best option and then check its effectiveness
33
Effective coping strategies
1 problem focused coping
Eg. Assertive behaviour
- set up a time for discussing what you want to discuss
- state the problems in terms of it'd consequences for you
- express your feelings
- make your request
33
Effective coping strategies
1 problem focused coping
Eg. Assertive behaviour
- set up a time for discussing what you want to discuss
- state the problems in terms of it'd consequences for you
- express your feelings
- make your request
33
Effective coping strategies
1 problem focused coping
Eg. Assertive behaviour
- set up a time for discussing what you want to discuss
- state the problems in terms of it'd consequences for you
- express your feelings
- make your request
34
Effective coping strategies
| 2 positive self talk
Based on cognitive restructuring - modifying thoughts, ideas and beliefs that maintain an individuals problems
Positive self-talk fosters confidence to use our talents fully and is self-fulfilling
34
Effective coping strategies
| 2 positive self talk
Based on cognitive restructuring - modifying thoughts, ideas and beliefs that maintain an individuals problems
Positive self-talk fosters confidence to use our talents fully and is self-fulfilling
34
Effective coping strategies
| 2 positive self talk
Based on cognitive restructuring - modifying thoughts, ideas and beliefs that maintain an individuals problems
Positive self-talk fosters confidence to use our talents fully and is self-fulfilling
35
Effective coping strategies
| 3 seek social support
Can give you:
- tangible assistance
- information
- emotional support
- avoids preoccupation with inner thoughts and feelings
35
Effective coping strategies
| 3 seek social support
Can give you:
- tangible assistance
- information
- emotional support
- avoids preoccupation with inner thoughts and feelings
35
Effective coping strategies
| 3 seek social support
Can give you:
- tangible assistance
- information
- emotional support
- avoids preoccupation with inner thoughts and feelings
36
Effective coping strategies
| 4 relaxation
- reduces physiological arousal - alpha brain waves the same as just before Stage 1 Sleep - immune system works better
- rests muscles and relieves tension
- gives you a break from thinking about problems
- meditation thought to be the best form of relaxation
36
Effective coping strategies
| 4 relaxation
- reduces physiological arousal - alpha brain waves the same as just before Stage 1 Sleep - immune system works better
- rests muscles and relieves tension
- gives you a break from thinking about problems
- meditation thought to be the best form of relaxation
36
Effective coping strategies
| 4 relaxation
- reduces physiological arousal - alpha brain waves the same as just before Stage 1 Sleep - immune system works better
- rests muscles and relieves tension
- gives you a break from thinking about problems
- meditation thought to be the best form of relaxation
37
Effective coping strategies
| 5 physical exercise
- especially aerobic exercise -improves cardiac, lung, and immune system
- helps alertness, creativity and sleep
- lessens symptoms of anxiety and depression
- laughter therapy can be useful
37
Effective coping strategies
| 5 physical exercise
- especially aerobic exercise -improves cardiac, lung, and immune system
- helps alertness, creativity and sleep
- lessens symptoms of anxiety and depression
- laughter therapy can be useful
37
Effective coping strategies
| 5 physical exercise
- especially aerobic exercise -improves cardiac, lung, and immune system
- helps alertness, creativity and sleep
- lessens symptoms of anxiety and depression
- laughter therapy can be useful
38
Effective coping strategies
| 6 nutrition
- provides energy to cope
- eating healthily gives us vitamins and minerals necessary for brain function
- avoid sugar and processed food
- eat more vegetables and whole grains
38
Effective coping strategies
| 6 nutrition
- provides energy to cope
- eating healthily gives us vitamins and minerals necessary for brain function
- avoid sugar and processed food
- eat more vegetables and whole grains
38
Effective coping strategies
| 6 nutrition
- provides energy to cope
- eating healthily gives us vitamins and minerals necessary for brain function
- avoid sugar and processed food
- eat more vegetables and whole grains
39
Depression
Bipolar disorder
Definition
A mood disorder characterised by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania (an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state)
Common to have multiple cycles of mania followed by severe depression
39
Depression
Bipolar disorder
Definition
A mood disorder characterised by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania (an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state)
Common to have multiple cycles of mania followed by severe depression
39
Depression
Bipolar disorder
Definition
A mood disorder characterised by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania (an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state)
Common to have multiple cycles of mania followed by severe depression
40
Depression
Symptoms of bipolar disorder
Manic episodes (1 week or more):
- euphoria/delusional thinking
- tremendous energy
- little sleep
- impulsive behaviours (especially financial and sexual)
Usually followed by:
- panic
- depression
40
Depression
Symptoms of bipolar disorder
Manic episodes (1 week or more):
- euphoria/delusional thinking
- tremendous energy
- little sleep
- impulsive behaviours (especially financial and sexual)
Usually followed by:
- panic
- depression
40
Depression
Symptoms of bipolar disorder
Manic episodes (1 week or more):
- euphoria/delusional thinking
- tremendous energy
- little sleep
- impulsive behaviours (especially financial and sexual)
Usually followed by:
- panic
- depression
41
Depression
Treatments
(Psychological interventions)
- drugs
- cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)
-antidepressant drugs regulate mood (eg. Prozac, lithium)
CBT in depression =
- cognitive restructuring
- structured problem solving
- pleasant event scheduling
41
Depression
Treatments
(Psychological interventions)
- drugs
- cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)
-antidepressant drugs regulate mood (eg. Prozac, lithium)
CBT in depression =
- cognitive restructuring
- structured problem solving
- pleasant event scheduling
41
Depression
Treatments
(Psychological interventions)
- drugs
- cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)
-antidepressant drugs regulate mood (eg. Prozac, lithium)
CBT in depression =
- cognitive restructuring
- structured problem solving
- pleasant event scheduling
42
Depression
Long term treatments
(Psychological interventions)
Psychotherapy
1. Psychoanalysis
A method of psychotherapy that seeks to hel clients gain insight by recognising and understanding unconscious thoughts and emotions
- 3-5 sessions per week for years
- compassionate yet neutral
- lie in couch and report whatever thoughts, memories or images come to mind = free association
- looked for meaning in dreams, everyday behaviours and relationships
- transference = unconscious process where childhood feelings of dependency, hostility, or love transferred to the therapist
- allowed client to see how old conflicts affect current life and resolve them
42
Depression
Long term treatments
(Psychological interventions)
Psychotherapy
1. Psychoanalysis
A method of psychotherapy that seeks to hel clients gain insight by recognising and understanding unconscious thoughts and emotions
- 3-5 sessions per week for years
- compassionate yet neutral
- lie in couch and report whatever thoughts, memories or images come to mind = free association
- looked for meaning in dreams, everyday behaviours and relationships
- transference = unconscious process where childhood feelings of dependency, hostility, or love transferred to the therapist
- allowed client to see how old conflicts affect current life and resolve them
42
Depression
Long term treatments
(Psychological interventions)
Psychotherapy
1. Psychoanalysis
A method of psychotherapy that seeks to hel clients gain insight by recognising and understanding unconscious thoughts and emotions
- 3-5 sessions per week for years
- compassionate yet neutral
- lie in couch and report whatever thoughts, memories or images come to mind = free association
- looked for meaning in dreams, everyday behaviours and relationships
- transference = unconscious process where childhood feelings of dependency, hostility, or love transferred to the therapist
- allowed client to see how old conflicts affect current life and resolve them
43
Depression
Long term treatments
(Psychological interventions)
Psychotherapy
2. Humanistic therapy
1. Encounter between equals - restart natural growth
2. Improve on their own. Promote awareness, acceptance and expression of feelings and perceptions. Insight is current, not past
3. Therapeutic relationship is fully supportive
4. Clients responsible for choosing how they think and behave
43
Depression
Long term treatments
(Psychological interventions)
Psychotherapy
2. Humanistic therapy
1. Encounter between equals - restart natural growth
2. Improve on their own. Promote awareness, acceptance and expression of feelings and perceptions. Insight is current, not past
3. Therapeutic relationship is fully supportive
4. Clients responsible for choosing how they think and behave
43
Depression
Long term treatments
(Psychological interventions)
Psychotherapy
2. Humanistic therapy
1. Encounter between equals - restart natural growth
2. Improve on their own. Promote awareness, acceptance and expression of feelings and perceptions. Insight is current, not past
3. Therapeutic relationship is fully supportive
4. Clients responsible for choosing how they think and behave
44
Depression
Long term treatments
(Psychological interventions)
psychotherapy
3. Client centred therapy
1. Unconditional positive regard -no advice
2. Empathy, active listening, reflection
3. Congruence - where 1 and 2 are genuine and client sees that relationships can be open and honest
44
Depression
Long term treatments
(Psychological interventions)
psychotherapy
3. Client centred therapy
1. Unconditional positive regard -no advice
2. Empathy, active listening, reflection
3. Congruence - where 1 and 2 are genuine and client sees that relationships can be open and honest
44
Depression
Long term treatments
(Psychological interventions)
psychotherapy
3. Client centred therapy
1. Unconditional positive regard -no advice
2. Empathy, active listening, reflection
3. Congruence - where 1 and 2 are genuine and client sees that relationships can be open and honest
45
Socio cultural therapy
Both anxiety and depression
1. Family/couples/group therapy
2. Self heals groups
3. Community mental health
4. School based preventative programs
45
Socio cultural therapy
Both anxiety and depression
1. Family/couples/group therapy
2. Self heals groups
3. Community mental health
4. School based preventative programs
45
Socio cultural therapy
Both anxiety and depression
1. Family/couples/group therapy
2. Self heals groups
3. Community mental health
4. School based preventative programs
46
Coping
Definition
Managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress
46
Coping
Definition
Managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress
46
Coping
Definition
Managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress
47
Effective coping strategies
1. Engage in problem focused coping
2. Use positive self talk
3. Seek social support
4. Practice relaxation
5. Physical exercise
6. Nutrition
7. Structured daily activities
9. Education
47
Effective coping strategies
1. Engage in problem focused coping
2. Use positive self talk
3. Seek social support
4. Practice relaxation
5. Physical exercise
6. Nutrition
7. Structured daily activities
9. Education
47
Effective coping strategies
1. Engage in problem focused coping
2. Use positive self talk
3. Seek social support
4. Practice relaxation
5. Physical exercise
6. Nutrition
7. Structured daily activities
9. Education
48
Effective coping strategies
7 structured daily activities
- work at home, job, or leisure activities
- different environments keep a person active and feeling well
- lessens depressive/anxiety symptoms as you get social interaction and you need to use your positive self talk to get there
48
Effective coping strategies
7 structured daily activities
- work at home, job, or leisure activities
- different environments keep a person active and feeling well
- lessens depressive/anxiety symptoms as you get social interaction and you need to use your positive self talk to get there
48
Effective coping strategies
7 structured daily activities
- work at home, job, or leisure activities
- different environments keep a person active and feeling well
- lessens depressive/anxiety symptoms as you get social interaction and you need to use your positive self talk to get there
49
Effective coping strategies
8 education
- alerts you to dangers of substance abuse such as alcohol, drugs and cigarettes
- gives you tools to use in everyday life
- gives you information on where to of for help
49
Effective coping strategies
8 education
- alerts you to dangers of substance abuse such as alcohol, drugs and cigarettes
- gives you tools to use in everyday life
- gives you information on where to of for help
49
Effective coping strategies
8 education
- alerts you to dangers of substance abuse such as alcohol, drugs and cigarettes
- gives you tools to use in everyday life
- gives you information on where to of for help
50
Resilience
Definition
The capacity to cope with change and challenge, to bounce back in the face of adversity and the ability to weather the effects of stress, insult and injury
Requires the development of competence, confidence and caring in the face of risk and adversity
50
Resilience
Definition
The capacity to cope with change and challenge, to bounce back in the face of adversity and the ability to weather the effects of stress, insult and injury
Requires the development of competence, confidence and caring in the face of risk and adversity
50
Resilience
Definition
The capacity to cope with change and challenge, to bounce back in the face of adversity and the ability to weather the effects of stress, insult and injury
Requires the development of competence, confidence and caring in the face of risk and adversity
51
Factors which influence resilience
1. External assets
- caring relationships
- high expectations
- meaningful participation
51
Factors which influence resilience
1. External assets
- caring relationships
- high expectations
- meaningful participation
51
Factors which influence resilience
1. External assets
- caring relationships
- high expectations
- meaningful participation
52
Factors which influence resilience
2. Internal assets
1. Social competence
2. Autonomy and sense of self power
3. Sense of meaning and purpose
52
Factors which influence resilience
2. Internal assets
1. Social competence
2. Autonomy and sense of self power
3. Sense of meaning and purpose
52
Factors which influence resilience
2. Internal assets
1. Social competence
2. Autonomy and sense of self power
3. Sense of meaning and purpose
53
Mental illness and mental health
Methods of investigation
Research designs
Experimental:
Randomised control trial
Eg. Two groups, random allocation, one group receives treatment control groups, measure changes over time
Observational quantitative:
Pre existing groups such as gender, race, age, those who do not or do have a mental illness
Qualitative:
Mostly case studies of individuals, their circumstances and outcomes or clinical interviews by health workers
53
Mental illness and mental health
Methods of investigation
Research designs
Experimental:
Randomised control trial
Eg. Two groups, random allocation, one group receives treatment control groups, measure changes over time
Observational quantitative:
Pre existing groups such as gender, race, age, those who do not or do have a mental illness
Qualitative:
Mostly case studies of individuals, their circumstances and outcomes or clinical interviews by health workers
53
Mental illness and mental health
Methods of investigation
Research designs
Experimental:
Randomised control trial
Eg. Two groups, random allocation, one group receives treatment control groups, measure changes over time
Observational quantitative:
Pre existing groups such as gender, race, age, those who do not or do have a mental illness
Qualitative:
Mostly case studies of individuals, their circumstances and outcomes or clinical interviews by health workers
54
Mental illness and mental health
Methods of investigation
Measuring psychological responses
- surveys, self report questionnaires (eg mood scales), census data, behavioural counts
- physiological changes in brain structure or chemistry (fMRI and bloods)
- qualitative - structured interviews
54
Mental illness and mental health
Methods of investigation
Measuring psychological responses
- surveys, self report questionnaires (eg mood scales), census data, behavioural counts
- physiological changes in brain structure or chemistry (fMRI and bloods)
- qualitative - structured interviews
54
Mental illness and mental health
Methods of investigation
Measuring psychological responses
- surveys, self report questionnaires (eg mood scales), census data, behavioural counts
- physiological changes in brain structure or chemistry (fMRI and bloods)
- qualitative - structured interviews
55
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in research
1. Welfare and dignity of participants
Researcher must balance their self interest with the welfare and dignity of their participants, who are obviously already a vulnerable group
Ethics committees set up guidelines and give approvals for research
55
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in research
1. Welfare and dignity of participants
Researcher must balance their self interest with the welfare and dignity of their participants, who are obviously already a vulnerable group
Ethics committees set up guidelines and give approvals for research
55
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in research
1. Welfare and dignity of participants
Researcher must balance their self interest with the welfare and dignity of their participants, who are obviously already a vulnerable group
Ethics committees set up guidelines and give approvals for research
56
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in research
2. Informed consent
-especially children and people who have a mental illness which impairs their cognitive function
Concealment and deception:
-people placed in a placebo groups may be in need of urgent treatment
56
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in research
2. Informed consent
-especially children and people who have a mental illness which impairs their cognitive function
Concealment and deception:
-people placed in a placebo groups may be in need of urgent treatment
56
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in research
2. Informed consent
-especially children and people who have a mental illness which impairs their cognitive function
Concealment and deception:
-people placed in a placebo groups may be in need of urgent treatment
57
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in research
3. Confidentiality
- in clinical records not specifically collected for research - access may need to be gained by contacting individuals
- anonymity important to many people
57
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in research
3. Confidentiality
- in clinical records not specifically collected for research - access may need to be gained by contacting individuals
- anonymity important to many people
57
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in research
3. Confidentiality
- in clinical records not specifically collected for research - access may need to be gained by contacting individuals
- anonymity important to many people
58
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in research
4. Voluntary participation
- psychology students who participate as part of their education (coercion?)
- psychologists in a hospital who sent to test their treatments (coercion?)
- lecturers who use research to promote themselves rather than the good of the participants (conflict of interest)
58
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in research
4. Voluntary participation
- psychology students who participate as part of their education (coercion?)
- psychologists in a hospital who sent to test their treatments (coercion?)
- lecturers who use research to promote themselves rather than the good of the participants (conflict of interest)
58
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in research
4. Voluntary participation
- psychology students who participate as part of their education (coercion?)
- psychologists in a hospital who sent to test their treatments (coercion?)
- lecturers who use research to promote themselves rather than the good of the participants (conflict of interest)
59
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in research
5. Debriefing
- provide participants with a full clarification of the purpose of the study
- address questions and misconceptions
- provide psychological interventions if required
- 30% of researchers don't debrief
59
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in research
5. Debriefing
- provide participants with a full clarification of the purpose of the study
- address questions and misconceptions
- provide psychological interventions if required
- 30% of researchers don't debrief
59
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in research
5. Debriefing
- provide participants with a full clarification of the purpose of the study
- address questions and misconceptions
- provide psychological interventions if required
- 30% of researchers don't debrief
60
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in diagnosis
1. Professional training
Only professionals trained specifically in psychiatric classification can make a formal diagnosis using the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder)
DSM is controversial - based on consensus of experts, not scientific evidence
Eg. Before 1996 homosexuality was considered a mental illness
60
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in diagnosis
1. Professional training
Only professionals trained specifically in psychiatric classification can make a formal diagnosis using the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder)
DSM is controversial - based on consensus of experts, not scientific evidence
Eg. Before 1996 homosexuality was considered a mental illness
60
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in diagnosis
1. Professional training
Only professionals trained specifically in psychiatric classification can make a formal diagnosis using the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder)
DSM is controversial - based on consensus of experts, not scientific evidence
Eg. Before 1996 homosexuality was considered a mental illness
61
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in diagnosis
2. Stigma
- people fear mental illness, fear they will be violent and unpredictable
- leads to discrimination and sometimes loss of freedom
- further isolation can make mental illness worse
61
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in diagnosis
2. Stigma
- people fear mental illness, fear they will be violent and unpredictable
- leads to discrimination and sometimes loss of freedom
- further isolation can make mental illness worse
61
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in diagnosis
2. Stigma
- people fear mental illness, fear they will be violent and unpredictable
- leads to discrimination and sometimes loss of freedom
- further isolation can make mental illness worse
62
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in treatment
Accountability
Mental health professionals have formal qualifications and usually belong to professional bodies such as the Australian Psychological Society
-have published Code of Ethics and expectations of Duty of Care
62
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in treatment
Accountability
Mental health professionals have formal qualifications and usually belong to professional bodies such as the Australian Psychological Society
-have published Code of Ethics and expectations of Duty of Care
62
Mental illness and mental health
Ethical considerations in treatment
Accountability
Mental health professionals have formal qualifications and usually belong to professional bodies such as the Australian Psychological Society
-have published Code of Ethics and expectations of Duty of Care
