Anatomy of the cell

Question 1

What type of cell has a high water content

Answer 1

Embryonic

Question 2

What type of cell has a low water content

Answer 2

Old

Question 3

What are the materials found in a cell

Answer 3

Water
Protein
Lipid
Carbohydrate
Inorganic

Question 4

What are the features of a eukaryotic cell

Answer 4

Outer membrane
Inner cytosol
Cytoskeleton
Membrane bound organelles
Inclusions

Question 5

What is cytosol

Answer 5

Solution of proteins, electrolytes and carbohydrates. Has both fluid and gel-like properties

Question 6

What is the function of the cytoskeleton

Answer 6

Determine the shape and fluidity of the cell

Question 7

What are the components of the cytoskeleton

Answer 7

Thin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Question 8

What is the function of the plasma membrane

Answer 8

Separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment

Question 9

What are the components of the plasma membrane

Answer 9

Hydrophilic heads at the outer and inner surfaces and hydrophobic fatty chains facing the middle.

Question 10

What examples of integral proteins

Answer 10

receptors,
channels,
transporters,
enzymes
cell attachment proteins

Question 11

Define exocytose

Answer 11

Takes materials from inside the cell and pulls them to out of the cell

Question 12

Define endocytose

Answer 12

Pulls materials from outside the cell to inside the cell

Question 13

What are membrane proteins

Answer 13

Can diffuse laterally in the cell membrane. Many are anchored, not equally distributed along the cell membrane

Question 14

Which term best describes the cell membrane

Answer 14

Selectively permeable

Question 15

What is the cell membrane highly permeable to

Answer 15

Water
Oxygen
Small hydrophobic molecules

Question 16

What is the cell membrane virtually impermeable to

Answer 16

Charged ions (Na+)

Question 17

What are organelles

Answer 17

Small intracellular organs with a specific function and structural organisation

Question 18

What is the function of the mitochondria

Answer 18

Generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Involved in the synthesis of certain lipids and proteins

Question 19

What are the key components in the structure of the mitochondria

Answer 19

Outer and inner membrane
Inner membrane folded to form cristae which increases surface area
Contains own DNA for protein production

Question 20

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 20

Protein synthesis and initiation of glycoprotein formation

Question 21

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 21

Cholesterol and lipid synthesis/detoxification

Question 22

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 22

Modification and packaging of secretions (macromolecules).

Question 23

What are some modifications that take place in the golgi apparatus

Answer 23

Add sugars
Cleaves some proteins
Sorts macromolecules into vesicles

Question 24

What are lysosomes

Answer 24

Membrane bound organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion

Question 25

What are cell inclusions

Answer 25

Not always membrane bound. Dispensable and not always present (transient).

Question 26

What are examples of some inclusions

Answer 26

Pigment Glycogen stores Lipid droplets Presecretion product

Question 27

What are microfilaments composed of

Answer 27

Fine strands of the protein actin

Question 28

How do actin molecules function

Answer 28

By assembling into filaments and disassembling. Very dynamic

Question 29

What are intermediate filaments composed of

Answer 29

6 main proteins which vary in different cell types. Many different types exist and are used to identify tumour origin

Question 30

What are microtubules composed of

Answer 30

2 tubulin proteins which attach to the cell membrane and each other

Question 31

What is the function of intermediate filament

Answer 31

Bind intracellular elements together and to the plasma membrane. Form a network throughout the cytoplasm

Question 32

What are the components of a microtubule

Answer 32

Hollow tubule, 2 types of subunits - alpha and beta.

Question 33

What is the function of the microtubule organising centre

Answer 33

Centromere where microtubules associate from. Includes stabilising proteins known as microtubules associated proteins (MAPS)

Question 34

What are 2 types of motor proteins

Answer 34

Dynein Kinesin

Question 35

What is the function of microtubules

Answer 35

Important in the mitotic spindle. Serve as a motorway network for proteins.

Question 36

What is the function of kinesin

Answer 36

ATPase that moves toward the cell periphery (edge)

Question 37

What is the function of dynein

Answer 37

ATPase that moves towards the cell centre

Question 38

What is the structure of the nucleus

Answer 38

Nuclear envelope Chromosomes Nucleolus

Question 39

What is the function of the nucleus

Answer 39

Contains genetic code. Site of transcription for mRNA and tRNA

Question 40

What is transcribed in the nucleolus

Answer 40

rRNA

Question 41

What is heterochromatin DNA

Answer 41

Highly condensed not undergoing transcription

Question 42

What is DNA in euchromatin

Answer 42

dispersed actively undergoing transcription

Question 43

What are the types of DNA in the nucleus

Answer 43

Euchromatin Heterochromatin

Question 44

What are the main components in the structure of the ribosome

Answer 44

Made up of a small subunit which binds RNA. Made up of a large subunit which catalyses the formation of peptide bonds

Question 45

What does the export of ribosomes depend on

Answer 45

the nuclear core complex

Question 46

Why are ribosomes important

Answer 46

Required for protein synthesis.

Question 47

What is the endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 47

Forms a network of interconnecting membrane-bound compartments in the cell.

Question 48

When does a cell have more endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 48

When it is more metabolically active

Question 49

What is the function of an intercellular junction

Answer 49

Link individual cells together via a specialised membrane structure

Question 50

What is an occluding junction

Answer 50

Link cells to prevent diffusion. They tie membranes together

Question 51

What is an anchoring junction

Answer 51

link submembrane actin bundles. They do not connect directly

Question 52

What is a communicating junction (gap junction)

Answer 52

Allow selective diffusion of molecules dependant on molecular size. Communicating junctions contain pores

Question 53

What are Desosomes

Answer 53

Link actin bundles in anchoring junctions

Question 54

Where are communicating junctions found

Answer 54

epithelia smooth muscle cardiac muscle where it is used for the spread of excitation

Question 55

What is a junctional complex

Answer 55

Close association of several types of junctions found in certain epithelial tissues

Question 56

What are the types of vesicular transport from outside the cell to inside

Answer 56

Endocytosis Phagocytosis

Question 57

What are the types of material transport between cell membranes

Answer 57

Diffusion Transport via proteins (pump or channel) Vesicular transport

Question 58

What is endocytosis

Answer 58

Cell membrane invaginates then fuses Endocytotic vesicle buds into cell (receptor needed)

Question 59

What is phagocytosis

Answer 59

Bacterium binds to surface receptor which activates trigger its then engulfed forming a phagosome. Phagosome binds to lysosome forming phagolysosome

Question 60

When does phagocytosis occur

Answer 60

when transporting larger material or bacteria