Feedback Control - Temperture And Other Vital Signs

Question 1

What is the maintained core body temperature

Answer 1

Normothermia

Question 2

What is the core body temperature

Answer 2

Temperature of the blood and internal organs

Question 3

What temperature is the core homeostatically maintained

Answer 3

37.8 degrees

Question 4

Why is the skin/subcutaneous fat not a good site for monitoring tempreatures

Answer 4

Skin temperature varies widely

Question 5

What is normothermia optimum for

Answer 5

Cellular function
Metabolism

Question 6

What happens if body temperature is increased

Answer 6

Speeds up cellular metabolism
Causes overheating
Therefore proteins denature and nerve malfunction

Question 7

What happens if body temperature is decreased

Answer 7

Slows down metabolism and cellular function

Question 8

What temperature range is considered a fever

Answer 8

38-40

Question 9

What temperature range is considered hyperthermic

Answer 9

40+

Question 10

What temperature range is considered hypothermic

Answer 10

Below 35

Question 11

Where are the sites for the direct estimate of body temperature

Answer 11

Rectal
Oesophageal

Question 12

What is the term used to describe slightly varying core temperature throughout the day in the same individual

Answer 12

Diurnal variation

Question 13

What can alter body temperature

Answer 13

Exercise
Exposure to extreme temperatures

Question 14

When will the core temperature of a female vary

Answer 14

During the menstrual cycle and after ovulation

Question 15

What is the main source of heat gain/production

Answer 15

Internal environment - metabolic heat gain

Question 16

What are the sources of heat gain from the external environment

Answer 16

Radiation
Convection
Conduction

Question 17

What are the ways heat is lost to the external environment

Answer 17

Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation

Question 18

What is the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Answer 18

Minimum amount of energy required to sustain vital body function

Question 19

How can the BMR be increased

Answer 19

Hormones
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Thyroxine

Question 20

How does shivering increase heat production

Answer 20

By increasing muscle activity

Question 21

How is heat lost through radiation

Answer 21

The human body emits and absorbs radiant heat depending on relative temperature of body and surrounding objects

Question 22

How much of the bodys heat is lost through radiation

Answer 22

Half

Question 23

How does the body lose heat through conduction

Answer 23

Heat moves warmer to cooler
Transfer of heat through direct contact

Question 24

How does the body lose heat through convection

Answer 24

Transfer of heat energy by air/water currents which help to carry heat away from the body

Question 25

How does convection and conduction work together to cool down the body

Answer 25

Conduction warms the skin Warm air is less dense and rises away from skin, cool air collects on skin

Question 26

What is the wind chill factor

Answer 26

Forced air movement (by fan) allows greater total amount of heat to be carried away from the body

Question 27

How is heat lost from the body through evaporation

Answer 27

Energy used to convert water on the skin to vapour This energy comes from the body Passive and active evaporation Humidity of atmosphere affects evaporation

Question 28

What is passive evaporative heat loss

Answer 28

Occurs continuously Water molecules continuously diffuse from skin and lining of resp airways

Question 29

What is an active evaporative heat loss process

Answer 29

Sweating Controlled Sympathetic nervous system

Question 30

How does the human body maintain its core temperature

Answer 30

At a set point Homeostatic mechanisms involving negative feedback control system

Question 31

What are the sensors involved for the negative feedback control of temperature control

Answer 31

Central thermoreceptors (hypothalmus) Peripheral thermoreceptors (skin)

Question 32

What is the control centre for the negative feedback control of temperature

Answer 32

In hypothalmus

Question 33

What are the effectors for the negative feedback control of temperature

Answer 33

Skeletal muscles Skin arterioles Sweat glands

Question 34

What are the neural inputs to the hypothalamus

Answer 34

Include those from the negative feedback receptors for temperature regulation

Question 35

Which hypothalamic centre is activated by cold

Answer 35

Posterior

Question 36

Which hypothalamic centre is activated by the warmth

Answer 36

Anterior

Question 37

HOw does the hypothalamus interact with systems to have an affect on the bodys core temperature

Answer 37

Neural connections to motor neurons which control the skeletal muscle system Connections to the sympathetic nervous system

Question 38

What is the response of the skin arterioles to cold exposure

Answer 38

Vasoconstriction Blood flow to skin surface is reduced Conserve heat

Question 39

What are the skeletal muscles respionse to cold exposure

Answer 39

Increased muscle tone Shivering Increases heat production

Question 40

What other behavioural adaptations occur to conserve heat

Answer 40

Postural changes which reduced exposed surface area

Question 41

What is the response of skin arterioles in response to heat exposure

Answer 41

Vasodilation Blood flow to skinincreased Increase heat loss

Question 42

What is the sweat glands response to heat exposure

Answer 42

Sweating - evaporation increases heat loss

Question 43

What are the skeletal muscles response to heat exposure

Answer 43

Decreased muscle tone Decreased voluntary movement Decrease heat production

Question 44

What is the function of endogenous pyrogen

Answer 44

Stimulate the release of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus

Question 45

What cell type can act as endogenous pyrogen response to inflammation of infection

Answer 45

Macrophages (release chemicals)

Question 46

What happens when prostaglandins act on the hypothalamic thermo-regulatory centre

Answer 46

Reset the brains thermostat to a higher resting temperature

Question 47

How is a fever achieved in response to the new set point

Answer 47

Hypothalamus initiates mechanisms to heat the body

Question 48

How can the hypothalamic increased set point be reduced to normal

Answer 48

Pyrogen release is reduced/stopped Prostaglandins synthesis is decreased/stopped

Question 49

What happens after prostaglandin synthesis is decreased or pyrogen release is decreased

Answer 49

Hypothalamus initiates mechanisms to cool the body and return it to the reduced set point