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Blood And Blood Vessels Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What is the path taken by blood to arrive at capillaries

A

Arteries
Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles
Meta arterioles

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2
Q

What is the path taken by blood LEAVING the capillaries

A

Post capillary venule
Veins

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3
Q

What is the structure of the tunica intima (inner layer) of a blood vesicle

A

Endothelial cells supported by a basal lamina and thin layer of connective tissue

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4
Q

What is the structure of the tunica media (middle)

A

smooth muscle

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5
Q

What is the structure of the tunica adventitia

A

Made up of supporting connective tissue

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6
Q

How is the tunica intima seperated from the media

A

Layer of elastic tissue called the internal elastic membrane

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7
Q

How is the tunica media separated from the adventitia

A

External elastic membrane

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8
Q

How are elastic fibres stained

A

Using special stains (H or E won’t work)

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9
Q

How do larger arteries differ to general arteries

A

tunica media has sheets of elastic fibres not smooth muscle

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10
Q

How does the outer part of the artery wall obtain nutrients in elastic (large) arteries

A

Vaso vasorum

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11
Q

How do the inner layers of artery walls obtain nutrients

A

Diffusion as they are closer to lumen

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12
Q

What happens to the structure of arteries as they become smaller

A

Lose smooth muscle - only 1 or 2 layers in media and very little adventitia

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13
Q

What is the structure of a terminal arteriole

A

No internal lamina
Covered by continuous coat of smooth muscle cells

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14
Q

What is the structure of a meta arteriole

A

non-contractile cells called pericytes access capillaries

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15
Q

What is the structure of a capillary

A

Composed of endothelial cells and a basal lamina
Receives nutrients by diffusion

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16
Q

What structures are capillaries absent in

A

Epidermis of skin, hair and nails
Hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of capillary

A

Continuous (epithelial)
Fenestrated
Discontinuous/sunusoidal

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18
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found

A

Muscle
Nerve
Lung
Skin

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19
Q

What is the function of fenestrated capillaries

A

Gut mucosa
Endocrine glands
Kidney

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20
Q

What is the structure of fenestrated capillaries

A

contain small pores

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21
Q

What is the structure of discontinuous capillaries

A

Have large gaps in membrane

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22
Q

Where are discontinuous capillaries found

A

Liver
Spleen
Bone marrow

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23
Q

What is the function of precapillary sphincters

A

help to control the flow through the network
Composed of smooth muscle

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24
Q

Why are post-capillary venules important

A

Important sites for exchange i.e. cell moving into tissue for inflammation

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25
When are vessels considered venules
When they acquire intermittent smooth muscle cells in the tunica media layer
26
What is the structure of a vein
Tunica intima Thin tunica medica Large tunica adventitia
27
What is the function of the lymph vascular system
Drain excess tissue fluid into the blood stream Transports lymph to lymph nodes
28
What is the structure of lymphatic vessels
Thin walled No central pump contains smooth muscle in walls
29
How do lymphatic vessels produce flow
Compression of vessels (voluntary muscle) Hydrostatic pressure in tissue
30
Where is the majority of blood found in the body
Peripheral veins (65%)
31
What are the components of the blood
Formed elements Plasma
32
What do ‘formed elements’ in the blood consist of
Red cells White cells Platelets
33
What proteins are found in blood plasma
albumin clotting factors
34
What does blood plasma consist of
Water Proteins Nutreints Salts
35
What are the 2 types of white cells
Granulocytes (lots of granules in the cytoplasm) Agranulocytes
36
What are the types of granulocytes
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
37
What are the types of agranulocytes
Lymphocytes Monocytes
38
How does blood separate in a centrifuge
Red cells are densest, found at bottom Then white cells Plasma at top
39
How is serum extracted
allow blood to clot first then remove the clots
40
When is plasma considered serum
If clotting factors are removed before centrifuge
41
What are the characteristics of erthyrocytes (red blood cells RBC)
No nucleus or organelles 1/3 taken up by haemoglobin flexible
42
How long do erythrocytes last
4 months Removed by spleen and liver
43
What is the most common type if leukocytes (white blood cells)
Neutrophils - 40-75%
44
What are neutrophils activated by
bacteria
45
What are the characteristics of neutrophils
Granules Multi-lobed nucleus Produced in bone marrow
46
What are the characteristics of eosinophils
Granules containing hydrolytic enzymes Released form marrow, circulate then move into tissue
47
What is the function of eosinophils
fighting parasitic infection
48
What are the characteristics of basophils
Least common granulocytes Affinity for basic dyes (purple) Bilobed nucleus
49
What are the functions of basophils
Effector cells in allergic reactions Release granules
50
When do monocytes become macrophages
when in tissues
51
What are the characteristics of monocytes
Numerous small lysosomal granules Non-lobulated (kidney shaped) nucleus
52
What makes up the mononuclear phagocyte system
Monocytes and macrophages Members ‘wander’ around body/tissues
53
What are the characteristics of lymphocytes
No visible granules B cells and T cells (cant distinguish via stain) Arise in bone marrow
54
Where do T cells differentiate
Thymus
55
What is the B cell immune response
Give rise to antibody secreting plasma cells
56
What is the T cell immune respone
Form a complex set of cells that perform defence functions such as killing defective cells
57
What are platelets
Small cell fragments found in blood Play key role in the prevention of blood loss (hemostasis)
58
What is the structure of a platelet
Well developed cytoskeleton Some organelles, no nucleus Granules containing some coagulation factors
59
How does blood formation change through development
Bone marrow produces blood by birth Bones expand, hemopoiesis (production of blood) shut down in many bones
60
Which cells produce platelets
Megakaryocytes - large cells of bone marrow that platelets fragment off from
61
can you distinguish between lymphocytes in routine stains
no

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