Innate immunity

Question 1

What does the immune system identify and eliminate

Answer 1

microorganisms
cancer cells

Question 2

What does the immune system identify in order to activate?

Answer 2

danger signals
‘non-self’ molecules

Question 3

What are the factors of the innate immune response

Answer 3

natural/physical barriers
immune cells

Question 4

What are the soluble factors of the innate immune response

Answer 4

cytokines
inflammatory mediators
complement proteins

Question 5

What cells are part of the innate immune response

Answer 5

macrophages
mast cells
natural killer cells
neutrophils

Question 6

What soluble factors are part of the acquired immune response

Answer 6

cytokines
antibodies

Question 7

what cells are part of the acquired immune response

Answer 7

B cells
T cells

Question 8

What are the points of entry for pathogens

Answer 8

digestive system
respiratory system
urogenital system
skin damage

Question 9

What are the types of barriers in the immune response

Answer 9

physical
secretions - mucous
expelling through sneezing
unfavourable pH
enzymes
comensal bacteria

Question 10

What is the timescale for an innate immune response

Answer 10

rapid (mins-hours)

Question 11

What is the timescale for an acquired immune response

Answer 11

slow - days

Question 12

What are the key qualities of innate immunity

Answer 12

continuous
from birth
generic response to many species

Question 13

what are the key qualities of acquired immunity

Answer 13

induced by presence of foreign materials
unique response to individual pathogens

Question 14

What are the key differences between innate and acquired immunity

Answer 14

lag time
immunological memory
specific/generic
self regulated

Question 15

What are the types of phagocytic cells

Answer 15

macrophages
dendritic cells

Question 16

What are PAMPS

Answer 16

pathogen associated molecular patterns
not found in/on human cells

Question 17

What is phagocytosis

Answer 17

intact particles (bacteria) are internalised whole

Question 18

How is phagocytosis facilitated

Answer 18

opsonisation

Question 19

What are PRRs

Answer 19

pathogen recognition receptors expressed by macrophages

Question 20

What occurs after fusion occurs to form a phagolysosome and its contents are degraded

Answer 20

debris is released
peptides from pathogens are expressed on cell surface receptors
pro-inflammatory mediators are released

Question 21

What is opsonisation

Answer 21

bacterium is coated in opsonins which bind to receptor on phagosome causing it to be engulfed

Question 22

what are examples of opsonins in innate immunity

Answer 22

C3b
C-reactive protein (CRP)

Question 23

What cell type kills cells too large to be engulfed

Answer 23

mast cells

Question 24

What do mast cells contain in their granules

Answer 24

anti-microbial substances
inflammatory substances

Question 25

What is the con of degranulation of a mast cell

Answer 25

can damage by standing tissues

Question 26

What is an example of a pro-inflammatory cytokine

Answer 26

TNF-alpha

Question 27

What are the signs of acute inflammation caused by TNFa

Answer 27

dilation of blood vessels increased permeability of post-capillary venules stimulated nerve ending

Question 28

What does inflammation promote

Answer 28

vascular changes recruitment/activation of neutrophils

Question 29

how are neutrophils attracted to the site of inflammation

Answer 29

chemicals produced by bacteria

Question 30

What are the 3 killing methods of neutrophils

Answer 30

phagocytosis degranulation NET's (vomit)

Question 31

How are internalised pathogens killed

Answer 31

phagolysosomal killing ROS-dependent

Question 32

How does phagolysosomal killing occur

Answer 32

phagosome fuses with azurophillic and specific granules pH is raised

Question 33

How does ROS-dependant killing mechanism work

Answer 33

Toxic reactive-oxygen-species is released into the phagolysome

Question 34

How does degranulation kill bacteria

Answer 34

Release of anti-bacterial proteins from neutrophil granules

Question 35

What method is used to kill extra-cellar pathogens

Answer 35

degranulation

Question 36

How does Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) kill bacteria

Answer 36

Sticky web of proteins and genetic info traps pathogens to be engulfed by another cell

Question 37

Which cell type is best for wound healing and anti-inflammation

Answer 37

macrophages

Question 38

which phagocytic cell is the best for antigen presentation

Answer 38

dendritic

Question 39

What are the clinical features of acute inflammation

Answer 39

fever increased synthesis of acute phase proteins increased synthesis of neutrophils

Question 40

Where are acute phase proteins produced

Answer 40

liver hepatocytes

Question 41

What are the compliment system proteins

Answer 41

C3 MBL

Question 42

what cytokine is produced by virally infected cells

Answer 42

interferons

Question 43

what results from the binding of interferons

Answer 43

destroy RNA reduce protein synthesis in cell induce apoptosis activate natural killer cells

Question 44

How do natural killers cell know which cell to kill

Answer 44

Inhibitory receptor scans cell for MHC 1 which cancer cells/infected cells do not express