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Diversity Of Cells And Their Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 primary histology techniques

A

Tissue processing
Embedding and sectioning
Staining - colour different parts of the cell

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2
Q

What are the stages of tissue processing (general)

A

Sample removed
Fixation
Dehydration
Clearing
Infiltration

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3
Q

What happens during the ‘fixation’ stage of tissue processing

A

Sample soaked in fixated solution - acetic acid

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4
Q

What happens during the ‘dehydration’ stage of tissue processing

A

Using high concentrations of ethyl alcohol the water in the tissue is replaced with alcohol

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5
Q

What happens during the ‘clearing’ stage of tissue processing

A

Clearing agent such as xylene is used to replace the soluble alcohol

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6
Q

What happens during the ‘infiltration’ stage of tissue processing

A

Non-soluble xylene is replaced with non-soluble paraffin wax which surrounds the sample

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7
Q

Which tissue components take up acidic stains

A

Acidophilic

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8
Q

What colour does acid stain

A

Red or pink
Eosin

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9
Q

What tissue components take up basic stains

A

Basophilic

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10
Q

What colour does basic stain

A

Blue or purple
Hematoxylin

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11
Q

What colour does neutral stain (nt. charge)

A

Give different colour to different components

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12
Q

What does hematoxylin bind to

A

DNA/RNA and colours the nucleus

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13
Q

What does Eosin bind to

A

Amino acids/proteins therefore colours cytoplasm pink

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14
Q

What are the 4 tissue types

A

Epithelium
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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15
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue

A

Line hollow organs
Form glands

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16
Q

What is the function of connective tissue

A

Forms framework
Fills gaps - transport of nutrients

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17
Q

How are the cells of muscle tissues specialised to contract

A

Contain more cytoskeleton

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18
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue

A

Specialised to contract
Have more cytoskeleton to contract

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth

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20
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of

A

Neurons
supporting cells

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21
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue

A

Specialised to conduct impulses

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelia

A

Polar
Tightly adherent
Avascular

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23
Q

What are the types of epithelium

A

Covering epithelium
Glandular epithelium

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24
Q

What is a simple epithelium

A

Single cell layer

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25
What is a stratified epithelium
2 or more cell layers
26
What is a pseudo-stratified epithelium
Single cell layer, appears as multiple cell layers as nucleus are at different levels
27
What is a squamous epithelial cell
Flat
28
What is a transitional stratified epithelial cell
Top most cell layer varies in cell shape (squamous, cuboidal etc)
29
What makes a columnar epithelial cell
Height of cell is greater than the base
30
What are the types of epithelial cell surface specialisation
Cilia Keratin Microvilli
31
What is the function of cilia
Hair-like, move things such as mucus Trachea
32
What is the function of keratin
Protection Skin
33
What is the function of microvilli
Absorb nutrients Small intestine
34
What are the types of glandular epithelium
Exocrine Endocrine
35
Direction of secretion for exocrine glandular epithelium
Toward topmost level via duct pipe
36
Direction of secretion for endocrine
Toward basal lamina (down), no pipeline so dump into bloodstream (lots of capillaries)
37
Which type of glandular cell is avascular
Endocrine
38
What type of tissue is embryonic
Connective
39
What are the 4 types of soft connective tissue
Loose Dense Reticular - forms network Adipose - fat tissue
40
What are the 2 types of hard connective tissue
Cartilage Bone
41
What typeof tissue is blood considered
Special connective tissue, contains cells and matrix component
42
What are the components of connective tissue cells
Fibroblasts Adipocytes Osteocytes Chondrocytes
43
How is the type of connective tissue determined
By types and relative amounts of components and extracellular matrix
44
What are the components of the connective tissue's extracellular matrix
Fiber Ground substance Tissue fluid
45
What are the types of fibers in connective tissue ECM
Collagen Elastic Reticular
46
What makes up the ground substance in connective tissue ECM
GAGs - molecules of carbs and proteins that attract water Glycoproteins
47
What is the structure of loose connective tissue
Loosely packed fibres Abundant ground substance Plenty of cells
48
What is the structure of adipose tissue
Little ECM Little ground substance Cells filled with fat droplets
49
What is the structure of dense connective tissue
Densely packed bundles of collagen fibres.
50
What are the characteristics of cartilage
Strong flexible Semi-rigid due to ground substance Avascular
51
What are the 3 types of cartilage
Hyaline Elastic Fibrous
52
What are the characteristics of hyaline cartilage
Clear matrix Groups of chondrocytes
53
What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage
Collagen fibre bundles in ECM Single chondrocytes in lacunae
54
What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage
Thin elastic fibres with ground substance in ECM Group of chondrocytes
55
What does the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) consist of
collagen ground substance
56
What are the components of bone
Cells ECM
57
What are the properties of compact bone
dense no cavities
58
What is the structure of a compact bone
Osteon arrangement with a central canal
59
What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle
Striated Short with branches Intercalated disc (junction between 2 cells) Involuntary Single central nucleus
60
What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle
Striated and cylindrical Long and unbranched Voluntary (move arm eg)
61
What are the characteristics of smooth muscle
No visible striatons Involuntary
62
What are the components of nervous tissue
Supporting glial cells Connective tissue coat
63
How many cytoplasmic process comes directly out of the cell body of a bipolar neuron
2
64
What is a pseudo-unipolar nueron
One cytoplasmic process (branch coming from cell body) Contains a central process and peripheral process
65
What are the types of supporting glial cells in the central nervous system
Microgalia Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes (octopus)
66
What is the function of the Schwann cell
produce myelin support axon different myelination process
67
What are the components of spongy bone
Fine network of cavities

FoM (38 decks)

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