Muscular/skeleton System And Movement

Question 1

How can arteries supplying joints be damaged

Answer 1

Dislocation

Question 2

How do joints have a strong nerve supply

Answer 2

Senseory receptors of nerve joints can detect
Pain
Touch
Temperature
Proprioception (spacial awareness)

Question 3

What are the 3 different types of joints

Answer 3

Synovial
Cartilaginous
Fibrous

Question 4

What are the qualities of fibrous joints

Answer 4

Limited mobility
Most stable

Question 5

What are the types of fibrous joints

Answer 5

Syndesmoses
Sutures

Question 6

How do syndesmoses connect bones

Answer 6

Via fibrous sheet of fibrous membrane

Question 7

Where are sutures found

Answer 7

Between bones of skull and are completely fixed

Question 8

What is an example of a fibrous sheet (syndesmoses)

Answer 8

Right interosseous membrane between tibia and fibula

Question 9

What is an example of wide suture

Answer 9

Fontanelles
‘Soft spot’ in neonatal skull
Allow bones to ‘slide’ over each other
Smaller for passing through birthing canal

Question 10

What are the qualities of cartilaginous joints

Answer 10

Fairly limited mobility
Relative;y stable

Question 11

What are the qualities of primary cartilaginous joints

Answer 11

Synchondroses
Bones joined by hyaline cartilage
Permit growth in length of bone (epi growth plate)

Question 12

What are the qualities of secondary cartilaginous joints

Answer 12

Symphyses
Strong
Slightly moveable
Fibrocartilage

Question 13

What is an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint

Answer 13

Intervertebral discs

Question 14

What is a common issue of secondary cartilaginous joints

Answer 14

Can slip
Eg slipped disc

Question 15

What does the structure of a secondary cartilaginous joint contain

Answer 15

Outer fibrous ring
Inner soft centre

Question 16

How does the spine make big movements

Answer 16

Each intervertebral disc allows a small amount of movement, added all together causes considerable movement

Question 17

What are the typical features of synovial joints

Answer 17

2 or more articulating bones
Articular surface covered by hyaline cartilage
Capsule
Joint cavity
Skeletal muscles/tendons
Special features

Question 18

What type of joint is typically supported by ligaments

Answer 18

Synovial

Question 19

What does a joint cavity contain in a synovial joint

Answer 19

Synovial fluid

Question 20

What is the function of synovial fluid

Answer 20

Cushions
Nourishes
Lubricates

Question 21

What is the function of a ligament

Answer 21

Joins bone-to-bone
Provides support and stability

Question 22

What is the function of bursae found around a synovial joint

Answer 22

Prevent friction around joint

Question 23

What is an example of a synovial joint special features

Answer 23

Articular disc in TMJ joint

Question 24

What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joint

Answer 24

Pivot
Plane
Hingr
Biaxial
Ball and socket

Question 25

What is the structure of a pivot joint

Answer 25

Rounded bone end fits into socket, allows rotation greater than 45 degrees (neck)

Question 26

What is the function of plane synovial joints

Answer 26

Allow gliding or sliding movements (in 1 plane)

Question 27

What is the function of a hinge joint

Answer 27

Allow reasonable range of movement in one plane Flexion and extension only

Question 28

What is the function of a ball and socket synovial joint

Answer 28

Good range of multi-axial movement (circumduction) Hip joint

Question 29

What is the function of a biaxial synovial joint

Answer 29

Reasonable movement in one plane and less in another plane (favours one plane) - think knuckle joint

Question 30

Which type of joint is the most mobile

Answer 30

Synovial

Question 31

What factor determines movement direction of joint

Answer 31

Shape or articular (joining) surface

Question 32

What is a dislocation of a joint

Answer 32

Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

Question 33

What is subluxation of a joint

Answer 33

Reduced area of contact between articular surface, but still connected

Question 34

If a joint has a ligament injury or slipped disc but its articular surfaces are still in normal relation to each other, is there a dislocation?

Answer 34

No, surfaces still in place relative to each other

Question 35

What are the joints of the finger called

Answer 35

Proximal interphalangeal joint Distal interphalangeal joint

Question 36

Which joint in the head is commonly dislocated

Answer 36

The left or right temporomandibular joint ,which is the synovial joint between the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone

Question 37

Where are skeletal muscles usually found

Answer 37

Deep to the deep fascia

Question 38

What are the properties of longer muscle fibres

Answer 38

Greater potential range for contraction, there can produce more movement at a joint

Question 39

What are a few skeletal muscle types

Answer 39

Circular (sockets) Pennate - featherlike Quadrate Fusiform - splits into heads

Question 40

What is the origin of the joint

Answer 40

Least movable part of the joint

Question 41

What is the insertion of the joint

Answer 41

Most mobile side, opposite end to origin

Question 42

Where do muscle fibres shorten during contraction

Answer 42

Along the axis between origin and insertion

Question 43

How are muscles attached to bone

Answer 43

Tendon, found at either end of the muscle

Question 44

Do tendons contract

Answer 44

No

Question 45

What us an aponeurosis

Answer 45

Flattened tendon

Question 46

What is the function of an aponeurosis

Answer 46

Attach muscle to soft tissue rather than bone

Question 47

What are the 2 main reflexes of the skeletal muscles

Answer 47

Stretch reflex Flexion withdrawal reflex (pull hand away) Nerve connections at SPINE

Question 48

What are stretch reflexes

Answer 48

A tendon jerks, the natural response is to contract to stop overstretching

Question 49

What is muscle paralysis

Answer 49

Muscle without functioning motor nerve supply Cannot contract Reduced tone on examination

Question 50

What is muscle spasticity

Answer 50

Intact and functioning motor nerve Descending controls from brain are not working Muscle would have increased tone upon examination

Question 51

How does muscle atrophy

Answer 51

Muscle fibres become smaller as result of inactivity Damage to motor nerve supply

Question 52

What is muscle hypertrophy

Answer 52

When the individual muscle fibres get bigger