Anatomy of the CNS and PNS

Question 1

The three subdivisions of the brain are ___,___and___

Answer 1

Hindbrain = rhombencephalon
Midbrain = mesencephalon
Forebrain = prosencephalon

Question 2

walking, urination, and sex organ function as well as other primitive processes are done so by__

Answer 2

Spinal cord

Question 3

The hindbrain includes these 3 parts

Answer 3

medulla, pons, cerebellum

Question 4

__ is located below the pons and connects to the spinal cord

Answer 4

Medulla

Question 5

__ functions in relaying information between other areas of the brain and regulating vital autonomic functions such as blood pressure, digestive functions, vomiting, and respiratory rhythmicity centers are found here

Answer 5

Medulla oblongata

Question 6

___ is the connection point between the brain stem and the cerebellum

Answer 6

Pons

Question 7

__ controls some autonomic functions and coordinates movement, it also plays a role in balance and antigravity posture

Answer 7

Pons

Question 8

__ is located behind the pons and below the cerebral hemisphere

Answer 8

Cerebellum

Question 9

__ is the integrating center where complex movements are coordinated

Answer 9

Cerebellum

Question 10

An instruction for movement from the forebrain must be sent to the __ where billions of decisions necessary for smooth execution of the movement are made

Answer 10

Cerebellum

Question 11

Damage to___ results in poor hand-eye coordination and balance

Answer 11

Cerebellum

Question 12

Both the cerebellum and the pons receive information from the ___ in the inner ear, which monitors acceleration and position relative to gravity

Answer 12

Vestibular apparatus

Question 13

The ___ is a relay for visual and auditory information and contains much of the reticular activating system (RAS) which is responsible for arousal and wakefulness

Answer 13

Midbrain

Question 14

The ___ is responsible for arousal and wakefulness found in the midbrain

Answer 14

Reticular activating system (RAS)

Question 15

The medulla, pons, and midbrain constitute the

Answer 15

Brainstem

Question 16

The forebrain includes the __ and the __

Answer 16

diencephalon and telencephalon

Question 17

The __ includes the thalamus and the hypothalamus

Answer 17

Diencephalon

Question 18

___ is located near the middle of the brain below the cerebral hemispheres and above the midbrain

Answer 18

Thalamus

Question 19

__ contains the relay and processing centers for sensory information

Answer 19

Thalamus

Question 20

__ contains centers for controlling emotions and autonomic functions, and has major role in hormone production and release

Answer 20

Hypothalamus

Question 21

__ is the primary link between the nervous and the endocrine system

Answer 21

Hypothalamus

Question 22

___ controls the pituitary gland and by doing so, is the fundamental control center for the endocrine system

Answer 22

Hypothalamus

Question 23

The cerebral hemispheres are connected by a thick bundle of axons called the __

Answer 23

corpus callosum

Question 24

__ is the largest region of the human brain and consists of the large, paired cerebral hemispheres

Answer 24

Cerebrum

Question 25

The grey matter of the cerebrum (cerebral cortex) is composed of ___

Answer 25

trillions of somas or neuron cell bodies

Question 26

The white inner core of the cerebrum is composed of __

Answer 26

myelinated axons

Question 27

The ___ initiates all voluntary movement and is involved in complex reasoning skills and problem solving

Answer 27

Frontal lobe

Question 28

The ___ is involved in general sensations (such as touch, temperature, pressure, vibration, and in gustation)

Answer 28

Parietal lobe

Question 29

The ___ processes auditory and olfactory sensations

Answer 29

Temporal lobe

Question 30

The ___ is involved in short term memory, language comprehension, and emotion

Answer 30

Temporal lobe

Question 31

The __ processes visual sensation

Answer 31

Occipital lobe

Question 32

The ___ broadly function in voluntary motor control and procedural learning related to habits

Answer 32

Basal nuclei

Question 33

The ___ and __ work together to process and coordinate movement initiated by the primary motor cortex

Answer 33

Basal nuclei, and cerebellum

Question 34

The ___ prevents excess movement The ___ is excitatory

Answer 34

Basal nuclei are inhibitory (prevents excess movement) | Cerebellum is excitatory

Question 35

___includes several structures (amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus)

Answer 35

Limbic system

Question 36

The __ is important in emotion, memory, and learning, controls emotional states, and helps with memory storage and retrieval

Answer 36

Limbic system

Question 37

Eye movement ___

Answer 37

midbrain

Question 38

How many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 38

12

Question 39

How many spinal nerves are there?

Answer 39

31

Question 40

___ convey sensory and motor information to and from the brainstem

Answer 40

Cranial nerves

Question 41

___ convey sensory and motor information to and from the spinal cord

Answer 41

Spinal nerves

Question 42

The effects of this nerve upon the heart and GI tract are to: - DECREASE heart rate, - INCREASE GI activity

Answer 42

Vagus nerve

Question 43

Vagus nerve is part of the __

Answer 43

parasympathetic division of the ANS

Question 44

All somatic motor neurons innervate ____

Answer 44

skeletal muscle cells

Question 45

All somatic motor neurons use __ as their neurotransmitter

Answer 45

Ach (acetylcholine)

Question 46

All somatic motor neurons have their cell bodies in the ___ or ___

Answer 46

brainstem or ventral (front) portion of the spinal cord

Question 47

All somatic sensory neurons have a long dendrite extending from a sensory receptor toward the soma, which is located just outside the CNS in a ___

Answer 47

Dorsal root ganglion

Question 48

The __ is a bunch of somatic (and autonomic) sensory neuron cell bodies located just dorsal to the spinal cord

Answer 48

Dorsal root ganglion

Question 49

___ are protective sheath of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 49

Meninges

Question 50

In all somatic sensory neurons, the first synapse is in the ___

Answer 50

CNS

Question 51

All autonomic preganglionic neurons release ___ as their neurotransmitter

Answer 51

Acetylcholine

Question 52

All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release___

Answer 52

Acetylcholine

Question 53

Nearly all sympathetic postganglionic neurons release ___ as their neurotransmitter

Answer 53

Norepinephrine (NE, also known as Noradrenaline)

Question 54

All sympathetic preganglionic efferent neurons have their cell bodies in the ___ or the ___

Answer 54

thoracic (chest) or lumbar (lower back) regions of the spinal cord

Question 55

The parasympathetic system is known as the craniosacral system because all of its preganglionic neurons have cell bodies in the ___

Answer 55

brainstem or in the lowest portion of the spinal cord, the sacral portion

Question 56

In the sympathetic system, the preganglionic axon is __

Answer 56

relatively short

Question 57

The sympathetic post-ganglionic cell sends a __

Answer 57

LONG axon to the effector

Question 58

The parasympathetic preganglionic neuron sends a long axon to a

Answer 58

small ganglion which is close to the effector | Example: parasympathetic ganglia controlling the intestines are located on the outer wall of the gut

Question 59

The parasympathetic postganglionic neuron has a ___

Answer 59

very short axon, since the cell body is close to the target

Question 60

The adrenal cortex is an important endocrine gland secreting ___,___ and ___

Answer 60

glucocorticoids (the main one is cortisol) mineralcorticoids (the main one is aldosterone) some sex hormones

Question 61

The main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex is ___

Answer 61

cortisol

Question 62

The main mineralcorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex is ___

Answer 62

aldosterone

Question 63

The adrenal medulla is part of the __

Answer 63

sympathetic nervous system

Question 64

Upon activation of the sympathetic system, the adrenal medulla is stimulated to release __

Answer 64

epinephrine