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MCAT > MCAT Biology Endocrine System > Flashcards

MCAT Biology Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The ___is part of the sympathetic nervous system releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood when stimulated

A

Adrenal medulla

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2
Q

A tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that targets the adrenal cortex, stimulating it to release cortisol and aldosterone

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

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3
Q

ACTH is produced by the ___

A

anterior pituitary gland

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4
Q

ACTH target the __

A

adrenal cortex to release cortisol and aldosterone

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5
Q

Also known as the adenohypophysis

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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6
Q

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, and growth hormone are all produced and secreted by the

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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7
Q

The anterior pituitary is controlled by releasing and inhibiting factors from the ___

A

hypothalamus

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8
Q

Also called vasopressin

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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9
Q

This hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. It targets the kidney tubules, increasing the permeability to water, and thus increasing water retention by the body

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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10
Q

A hormone produced by the C-cells of the thyroid gland that DECREASE serum calcium levels

A

Calcitonin

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11
Q

__targets the bones (stimulates osteoblasts) and the kidneys (reduces calcium reabsorption)

A

Calcitonin

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12
Q

___ is the principal mineralcorticoid

A

Aldosterone

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13
Q

___is the principle glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

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14
Q

___are steroid hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex

A

Corticosteroids

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15
Q

This steroid hormone is released during times of stress, increasing blood glucose levels and reducing inflammation

A

Cortisol

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16
Q

A ductless gland that secretes a hormone into the blood

A

Endocrine gland

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17
Q

A gland that secretes its product into a duct, which ultimately carries the product to the surface of the body or into a body cavity. Some examples include:

  • sweat glands (sweat)
  • Gastric glands (acid,mucus, protease)
  • Liver (bile)
  • Sebaceous glands (oil)
  • Lacrimal glands (tears)
A

Exocrine glands

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18
Q

A hormone release by the anterior pituitary that targets all cells in the body.

A

Growth hormone

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19
Q

___ stimulates whole body growth in children and adolescents, and increases cell turnover rate in adults

A

Growth hormone

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20
Q

A set of veins that connect a capillary bed in the hypothalamus (the primary capillary plexus) with the capillary bed in the anterior pituitary gland ( the secondary capillary plexus).

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

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21
Q

Releasing and inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus travel along veins directly affect the cells in the anterior pituitary gland by way of ___

A

hypothalamic-pituitary portal system

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22
Q

The portion of the diencephalon involved in maintaining body homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus

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23
Q

The __controls release of hormones from the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

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24
Q

A form of regulation in which the end result of a series of events inhibits the trigger for that series

A

Negative feedback

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25
Q

Hormones are generally regulated via__

A

negative feedback

26
Q

Insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise. IT causes the cells of the body to take glucose out of the blood, leading to a drop in glucose levels. The fall in glucose levels stops insulin release

A

Negative feedback

27
Q

Neurohypophysis =

A

Posterior pituitary gland

28
Q

A hormone made of amino acids __

A

peptide hormone

29
Q

__ are generally hydrophilic and cannot cross the plasma membranes of cells, thus the receptor for them must be found on the cell surface

A

Peptide hormones

30
Q

Binding of a ___ to its receptor usually triggers a second messenger system within the cell

A

Peptide hormone

31
Q

Which peptide hormone has its receptor on the interior of the cell?

A

Thyroxine which is hydrophobic enough to enter the cell easily

32
Q

The ___ is made of nervous tissue and stores and secretes two hormones made in the hypothalamus

A

Posterior pituitary gland

33
Q

The posterior pituitary gland is controlled by action potentials from the ___

A

hypothalamus

34
Q

The hypothalamus makes __ and___ which are stored in the posterior pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin and ADH

35
Q

A hormone derived from ___

A

cholesterol

36
Q

___ are generally hydrophobic and can easily cross the plasma membranes of cells, thus receptors for them are found intracellularly

A

Steroid hormone

37
Q

Once the ___ binds to its receptor, the complex acts to regulate transcription in the nucleus

A

Steroid hormone

38
Q

A tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that targets the thyroid gland, stimulating it to produce and release thyroid hormone

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

39
Q

__ is produced and secreted by follicle cells in the thyroid gland.

A

Thyroxine (thyroid hormone)

40
Q

____targets all cells in the body and increases overall body metabolism

A

Thyroxine

41
Q

A hormone that controls the release of another hormone

A

Tropic hormone

42
Q

If signaling molecules modify the activity of the cells which secreted them this is ___

A

autocrine activity

43
Q

T cell secretes interleukin 2, which binds to receptors on the same T cell to stimulate increased activity

A

Autocrine activity

44
Q

The hydrophilicity of peptide hormones means they can’t cross the biological membrane and thus are required to communicate with the interior of the target cell by way of a __

A

second messenger cascade

45
Q

The two subgroups of peptide hormones are __ and _

A

polypeptides and amino acid derivatives

46
Q

An example of a polypeptide hormone is __

A

insulin

47
Q

___is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans in response to elevated blood glucose

A

Insulin (polypeptide hormone)

48
Q

___ are derived from single amino acids and contain no peptide bonds

A

Amino acid derivatives (hormones)

49
Q

___ is the parent amino acid for the catecholamines (which include epinephrine) and the thyroid hormones

A

Tyrosine

50
Q

___ incorporate iodine into their structure. enter the cell, bind to DNA, and activate transcription of genes involved in energy mobilization

A

Thyroid hormones

51
Q

___ are hydrophobic molecules synthesized from cholesterol in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Steroids

52
Q

The small hydrophobic steroid hormones exert their effects upon target cells by ___

A

diffusing through the plasma membrane to bind with a receptor in the cytoplasm

53
Q

Because peptide hormones modify the activity of existing enzymes in the cytoplasm their effects are exerted___

A

rapidly minutes to hours from time of secretion

54
Q

Because steroid hormones must be transported as a steroid hormone-receptor complex into the nucleus and modify transcription to change the amount and/or type f proteins in the cell, their effects are exerted__

A

slowly, over a period of days, and persist for days to weeks

55
Q

Steroids regulating water balances and other processes are secreted by the ___

A

adrenal cortex

56
Q

Regulation of release of peptide hormones?

A

Stored in vesicles until a signal for secretion is received

57
Q

Mechanism of effect of peptide hormones?

A

Bind to receptors that generate second messengers which result in modification of enzyme activity

58
Q

Site of synthesis of steroid hormones

A

Smooth ER

59
Q

Regulation of release of steroid hormones?

A

Synthesized only when needed and then used immediately, not stored

60
Q

The function of calcitonin is to ___

A

prevent serum [Ca2+] from peaking above normal levels, and the amount of calcitonin secreted is directly proportional to increases in serum [Ca2+] above normal.

61
Q

When serum [Ca2+] is elevated, ___

A

calcitonin is secreted

MCAT (45 decks)

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