Next Step Psych

Question 1

___investigate a population at a single point in time

Answer 1

Cross-sectional studies

Question 2

__are treatments known to have no effect in a study

Answer 2

Negative controls

Question 3

_are treatments known to have a certain effect and can be used to assess whether experimental methodology was sound

Answer 3

Positive controls

Question 4

___attenuate or strengthen a given relationship

Answer 4

Moderating variables

Question 5

__provide an important logical link between an independent and dependent variable or outcome

Answer 5

Mediating variable

Question 6

Drive reduction theorist suggest that depression stems from a reduction in the motivating force of ____

Answer 6

arousal

Question 7

__refers to the number of cases of a disease

Answer 7

Incidence

Question 8

__compare information about individuals with a disease or condition against people without the disease or condition

Answer 8

Case control designs

Question 9

__is the lifelong process through which people inherit, develop, and disseminate social norms, customs, and beliefs

Answer 9

Socialization

Question 10

__refers to learning of acceptable actions or attitudes during childhood

Answer 10

Primary socialization

Question 11

__refers to the process of learning what is acceptable and appropriate in a smaller more focused section of society. How to behave at work or school would be an example

Answer 11

Secondary socialization

Question 12

__refers to the process of preparing for future changes, such as changing sleep schedule to get ready for night-shifts

Answer 12

Anticipatory socialization

Question 13

__is a negative type of stress that builds over time and is bad for your body

Answer 13

Distress

Question 14

__is a positive type of stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging but motivating

Answer 14

Eustress

Question 15

__is a neutral type of stress when exposed to something stressful but it doesn’t actively affect you

Answer 15

Neustress

Question 16

___is the tendency to make decisions about actions or events based upon our standard representation of the event

Answer 16

Representative heuristic

Question 17

__reinforcement schedule tends to produce highest response rates that are most resistant to extinction

Answer 17

Variable-ratio

Question 18

__describes the phenomenon in which it is harder for an individual to reconcile different pieces of information relating to colors than to reconcile similar pieces of information

Answer 18

Stroop effect

Question 19

__refers to whether a variable is able to predict a certain outcome

Answer 19

Criterion validity

Question 20

___refers to how individual attitudes are shaped by social factors

Answer 20

Socialization

Question 21

__is the increasing amount of interaction and integration on the international scale through the exchange of products, services, ideas, and information

Answer 21

Globalization

Question 22

___is an attempt to get someone to like you in order to get them to comply with your requests

Answer 22

Ingratiation

Question 23

__is an influence to accept the information from others as evidence about reality, and come into play when we are uncertain about information or what might be correct

Answer 23

Informational influence

Question 24

___is an influence to conform with the expectations of others to gain social approval

Answer 24

Normative influence

Question 25

__holds that the amount of motivation required to achieve a goal is affected both by a person's expectations of reaching the goal and how much that person values reaching that goal

Answer 25

Expectancy value theory

Question 26

__ is characterized by a tendency to experience or express negative emotions

Answer 26

Neuroticism

Question 27

The __ is the pleasure principle, it is selfish, compelling us to seek pleasure and avoid pain

Answer 27

Id

Question 28

The __ is the reality principle, it is realistic compelling us to behave in ways that are socially acceptable and acts to mediate between the pleasure principle and the morality/perfection principle

Answer 28

Ego

Question 29

The __ is the morality/perfection principle, it is moralistic and idealistic and compelling us towards perfection

Answer 29

Superego

Question 30

__ posits that personality change is possible when a person has a strong ego that can succesfully mediate between one's impulsive pleasure seeking Id and the goals of the idealistic superego

Answer 30

Psychoanalytic theory

Question 31

The __ proposes that language acquisiton is the result of both biological and environmental/social factors, particularly the interactions that occur between children and their caregivers

Answer 31

Interactionist theory

Question 32

__ proposes that language is not learned as other skills/behaviors but is learned via an innate process hardwired in the brain and only language exposure during a critical time period in life results in fluency

Answer 32

Nativist theory

Question 33

__ describes an increase in synaptic transmission of neurons which is the neural foundation of learning and memory consolidations

Answer 33

Long-term potentiation

Question 34

Remember that in Parkinsons a dopamine___leads to increased motor problems

Answer 34

Deficit

Question 35

Norms that govern everyday behavior

Answer 35

Folkways

Question 36

Takes a group of individuals and asks them about their experiences in the past

Answer 36

Retrospective cohort Design

Question 37

Mental shortcuts or simplified interactions of principles that can help us make decisions but can lead to poor judgment

Answer 37

Heuristics

Question 38

Refers to the tendency to give socially approved responses to questions in the context of research

Answer 38

Social-desirability bias

Question 39

Refers to relationships that exist without blood relationship

Answer 39

Affinal kinship or kinship of affinity

Question 40

__is when the negative aspects of a situation are focused upon in a situation more so

Answer 40

Negativity bias

Question 41

Refers to whether a study comprehensively accounts for all relevant facets of the phenomenon it is intended to investigate

Answer 41

Content validity

Question 42

In operant conditioning __ refers to reducing the frequency of rewards for a given action

Answer 42

Thinning

Question 43

__ is a variable that either decreases or increases the strength of an association

Answer 43

Moderating variable

Question 44

__ is a variable that provides a causal link between two variables that show a statistical relationship

Answer 44

Mediating variable

Question 45

___ posits that people observe themselves in order to figure out the reason they act as they do

Answer 45

Self-perception theory

Question 46

What are the stages of Kubler Ross death

Answer 46

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

Question 47

Mistaken belief that if something happens more frequently than normal during period, it will happen less frequently in the future

Answer 47

Gambler's fallacy

Question 48

States that individuals who experience weakened social values are less likely to behave in ways that are helpful to that society

Answer 48

Anomie theory

Question 49

Holds that individuals who experience negative events feel negative emotions, which leads to negative behaviors

Answer 49

General strain theory

Question 50

The __ includes basic human instinctual drives and by definition is UNCONSCIOUS

Answer 50

Id

Question 51

__ deals with the Id's impulses as soon as an adequate response is found. It operates primarily at the conscious and preconscious levels

Answer 51

Edo

Question 52

The __ forms the organizd part of the personality structure and is mostly unconscious

Answer 52

Superego

Question 53

The __ and ___ are conscious based on Freud's model

Answer 53

Superego and ego

Question 54

The ego, superego, and id are all somewhat ___

Answer 54

unconscious

Question 55

__ refers to the perceived pressure to engage or not engage in a behavior

Answer 55

Subjective norms

Question 56

__ is the theory that a person's behavior influences and is influenced by personal factors and the environment

Answer 56

Reciprocal determinism

Question 57

__asserts that people learn by watching others, and if they see someone is rewarded for a behavior, they are more likely to behave that way too

Answer 57

Social cognitive theory

Question 58

Refers to a country rejecting trade with others and remaining isolated

Answer 58

Protectionism

Question 59

the hypothesis suggests that dreams are created by changes in neuron activity that activates the brainstem during REM sleep. In other words, as the body and brain cycles through the day and night, the chemicals that activate the nerves of the brainstem shift and change. As they change, they trigger brain activity that activates memories that come to the surface during periods of the light REM sleep that we all experience.

Answer 59

Activation- Synthesis theory

Question 60

is the predictable way the body responds to stress as described by Hans Selye

Answer 60

General adaptation syndrome

Question 61

What are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?

Answer 61

The first stage is the alarm stage, which provides a burst of energy. In the second stage, known as the resistance stage, the body attempts to resist or adapt to the stressor. The last stage is known as the exhaustion stage because energy is depleted.

Question 62

predominantly a social phenomenon by which a minority or sub-group is excluded, and their needs or desires ignored

Answer 62

Marginalization

Question 63

typically defined as incorporating individuals from different groups into a society as equals.

Answer 63

Integration

Question 64

__proposes that individuals are motivated based on expected outcomes of their behavior. - Motivation involves: - Expectancy : the belief that one will be able to achieve the desired outcome - Instrumentality: the belief that one has control over the desired outcome - Valence: the value placed on the desired outcome

Answer 64

Expectancy theory of motivation

Question 65

_proposed that motivation is a result of a disruption of homeostasis which generates a drive to fulfill that need, which prompts action

Answer 65

Drive-Reduction theory

Question 66

The __ bis the model that depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) in the CNS can directly cause depression symptoms

Answer 66

Monoamine hypothesis of depression

Question 67

__ is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, a portion of the basal ganglia

Answer 67

Parkinson's disease

Question 68

__ is an enzyme attached to mitochondria in axon terminals that catalyze the oxidation (breakdown) of monoamines such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

Answer 68

Monoamine oxidase

Question 69

__is the ability to apply logic and creative thinking to new situations

Answer 69

Fluid intelligence

Question 70

__ is the ability to apply facts and acquired knowledge to situations

Answer 70

Crystallized intelligence

Question 71

What two memory forms remain stable with aging?

Answer 71

- Semantic memory: names of people, colors, and vocabulary | - Procedural memory: riding a bike, driving a car, serving a tennis ball, etc.

Question 72

__ occurs when more recent information interferes with one's ability to recall old information

Answer 72

Retroactive interference

Question 73

__occurs when previously learned information interferes with one's ability to recall new information

Answer 73

Proactive interference

Question 74

__is the process whereby information is more easily recalled when an individual is in the same contect (room setting) where he or she first learned the information

Answer 74

Context-dependent memory