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MCAT > MCAT Biology Reproductive System Part 2 > Flashcards

MCAT Biology Reproductive System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The primary androgen (male sex steroid) produced and secreted by the interstitial cells of the testes. It triggers development of secondary male sex characteristics during puberty (including spermatogenesis) and maintains those characteristics during adulthood

A

Testosterone

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2
Q

A layer of cells surrounding the granulosa cells of the follicles in an ovary.

A

Thecal cells

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3
Q

__ help produce the estrogen secreted from the follicle during the first phase of the ovarian cycle

A

Thecal cells

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4
Q

The outer ring of cells of a blastocysts. The __ takes part in the formation of a placenta

A

Trophoblast

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5
Q

The __ contains fetal arteries (carry blood toward the placenta) and veins (carry blood away from the placenta). The __ derives from the allantois, a structure that develops from the embryonic gut

A

Umbilical cord

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6
Q

The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

Ureters

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7
Q

The shedding of the old endometrium and preparation of a new endometrium for potential pregnancy

A

Uterine cycle

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8
Q

These tubes extend laterally from either side of the uterus and serve as a passageway for the oocyte to travel from the ovary to the uterus. This is also the normal site of fertilization. Severing of this results in sterility of females

A

Uterine tubes

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9
Q

The muscular female organ in which a baby develops during pregnancy

A

Uterus

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10
Q

The birth canal; the stretchy, muscular passageway through which a baby exits the uterus during childbirth

A

Vagina

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11
Q

Paired glands near the posterior of the vaginal opening that secrete an alkaline mucus upon sexual arousal. The mucus helps to reduce the acidity of the vagina (which could be harmful to sperm) and lubricates the vagina to facilitate penetration

A

Vestibular glands

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12
Q

Early embryonic ducts that can develop into male internal genitalia under the proper stimulation (testosterone)

A

Wolffian ducts

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13
Q

An embryonic structure particularly important in egg-laying animals because it contains the yolk, the only source of nutrients for the embryo developing inside the egg. In humans the __ is very small and is the site of synthesis of the first red blood cells

A

Yolk sac

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14
Q

A thick transparent coating rich in glycoproteins that surrounds an oocyte

A

Zona pellucida

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15
Q

The site of spermatogenesis are ___

A

seminiferous tubules

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16
Q

Leydig cells are responsible for __

A

angrogen (testosterone) synthesis

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17
Q

__ is located at the posterior surface of the bladder and secretes about 60% of total semen into the ejaculatory duct

A

Seminal vesicles

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18
Q

____ secretions give nourishment to semen and allow them to coagulate after ejaculation

A

Prostate glands

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19
Q

What three compartments in male reproductive system contain erectile tissue?

A
  • corpora cavernosa (two of them)

- corpus spongiosum

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20
Q

Arousal is dependent on ___ and orgasm is dependent on stimulation from__

A

parasympathetic nervous input

Sympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

___ is the movement of sperm and semen into the urethra; ___ is the movement of semen from the urethra out of the body

A

Emission is movement into the urethra, ejaculation is movement from urethra out of body

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22
Q

Process by which diploid germ cells undergo division to produce haploid gametes

A

Gametogenesis

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23
Q

Gametes produced by male are known as___

A

spermatozoa

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24
Q

Female gametes are known as ___

A

ova or eggs

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25
Q

Cells that give rise to spermatogonia are known as__

A

germ cells

26
Q

___ stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

27
Q

___ stimulates the sustenacular cells (SERTOLI CELLS)

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

28
Q

The hormone __ is secreted by sustenacular cells, its role is to inhibit FSH release

A

Inhibin

29
Q

__ can develop into male internal genitalie:

  • epididymis
  • seminal vesicles
  • ductus deferens
A

Wolffian ducts

30
Q

___ can develop into female internal genitalia:

  • Uterine tubes
  • uterus
  • vagina
A

Mullerian ducts

31
Q

___ is produced by the testes and causes regression of the Mullerian ducts; prevents the development of female internal genitalia

A

Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF)

32
Q

Testosterone that is responsible for the development of male external genitalia enters the systemic circulation and must be converted to __ in target tissues in order to exert its effect

A

Dihydrotestosteronei

33
Q

How would an RNA polymerase 2 inhibitor alter the effects of dihydrotestosterone in target cells?

A

Once its ligand is bound, the steroid receptor activates transcription of specific mRNA. Messenger RNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase 2. Therefore we would expect an inhibition of polymerase 2 to prevent the effects of all steroid hormones

34
Q

In women, FSH stimulates _____

A

FSH stimulates granulosa cells to secrete estrogrn

35
Q

In women, LH stimulates___

A

formation of the corpus luteum and progesterone secretion

36
Q

Oogonia not only undergo mitosis in utero but they also enter the first phase of meiosis and are arrested in __ as primary oocytes

A

Prophase 1

37
Q

The primary oocyte and granulosa cells make up what is known as __

A

a follicle

38
Q

What are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?

A 
Follicular phase (13 days)
Ovulatory phase (day 14)
Luteal phase (about 14 days
39
Q

What occurs during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

Primary follicle matures and secretes estrogen. Maturation of the follicle is under the control of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland

40
Q

What occurs during the ovulatory phase?

A

Secondary oocyte is released from the ovary, triggered by a surge of leutenizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. This causes the remnants of the follicle to become the corpus luteum.

41
Q

What occurs during the luteal phase?

A

Begins with full formation of the corpus luteum in the ovary. This structure secretes both estrogen and progesterone and has a life span of about 2 weeks.

42
Q

What are the 3 phases of the Uterine cycel?

A 
Menstruation (first 5 days)
Proliferative phase (9 days)
Secretory phase (14 days)
43
Q

__ is triggered by the degeneration of the corpus luteum and subsequent drop in estrogen and progesterone levels, this causes the endometrial lining to slough out of the uterus

A

Menstruation

44
Q

During __ of the menstrual cycle, estrogen produced by the follicle induces the proliferation of a new endometrium

A

Proliferative phase

45
Q

After ovulation the __ occurs, in which estrogen and progesterone produced by the corpus luteum further increase development of the endometrium, including secretion of glycogen, lipids, and other material. If pregnancy does not occur, death of the corpus luteum and decline in the secretion of estrogen and progesterone trigger menstruation once again.

A

Secretory phase

46
Q

When ovulation occurs the endometrium is at the __

A

proliferative stage, under the influence of ovarian estrogen

47
Q

Where is the secondary oocyte during the secretory phase?

A

It is traveling down the uterine tube toward the uterus. If it fails to implant in the uterus, the secretory phase ends and menstruation begins

48
Q

_____ from the hypothalamus stimulates release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

A

GnRH

49
Q

Under the influence of FSH, the granulosa and thecal cells develop during the follicular phase and secrete __

A

estrogen

50
Q

The sudden surge in __ causes ovulation

A

LH

51
Q

If LH levels remained high, how would this affect the secretion of estrogen and progesterone?

A

If LH levels remained high, the corpus luteum would not regress, and estrogen and progesterone would also remain high, thus maintaining the endometrium so that menstruation would not occur. This is an effect that happens if an embryo is fertilized and implants, except that the hormone in this case is not LH but hCG

52
Q

The ___ is the portion of hte placenta that is derived from the zygote, it secretes hCG

A

Chorion

53
Q

What are the two components of the cortical reaction?

A
  1. swelling of the space between the zona pellucida and the plasma membrane
  2. Hardening of the zona pellucida
54
Q

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst gives rise to what four things?

A
  • embryo
  • yolk sac
  • allantois
  • amnion
55
Q

The ___ develops from the embryonic gut and forms the blood vessels of the umbilical cord which transports blood between embryo and placenta

A

Allantois

56
Q

The ___ gives rise to the anus

A

Blastopore

57
Q 
The entire nervous system
pituitary gland( (both lobes)
adrenal medulla
cornea lens
epidermis of skin and derivatives (nails, hair, sweat glands, sensory receptors)
-nasal, oral, anal epithelium
A

Ectoderm

58
Q
  • All muscle, bone, and connective tissue
  • entire cardivascular and lymphatic system (including blood)
  • urogenital organs (kidneys ureters, gonads, reproductive ducts)
  • DERMIS of skin
A

Mesoderm

59
Q
  • GI tract epithelium (except mouth and anus)
  • GI glands (liver pancreas)
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • Epithelial lining of urogenital organs and ducts
  • Urinary Bladder
A

Endoderm

60
Q

Primitive cells in the zygote and the morula have the potential to become any cell type in the blastocyts, they are therefore kown as __

A

totipotent cells

61
Q

The fetus looks distinctly human during the __

A

Second trimester

62
Q

This is the stage of rapid fetal growth, organs become fully functional

A

Third trimester

MCAT (45 decks)

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