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Pharm 1 > Anemia physio > Flashcards

Anemia physio Flashcards

1
Q

what is hemoglobin

A

carrier of oxygen

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2
Q

what else can bind to hemoglobin

A

carbon monoxide

glucose

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3
Q

what can carbon monoxide binded to hemoglobin cause

A

asphyxiation

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4
Q

what is the life of a RBC

A

120 days

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5
Q

What can cause anemia

A

blood loss

nutritional deficiencies

defective hemoglobin

bone marrow disorders

chronic disases

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6
Q

O2 binds to hemoglobin normally at how many sites

A

4

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7
Q

what is hematocrit

A

level of RBCs contained within a sample of blood in percentages

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8
Q

what is anemia

A

there is not enough RBCs to attach to hemoglobin molecules

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9
Q

what do diseases of red blood cells relate to

A

quantity or quality

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10
Q

Regardless of the cause all diseases of RBCs mean

A

Less oxygen is able to be transported to the tissues

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11
Q

Absoulte decrease means

A

When you do not have enough RBCs

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12
Q

relative decrease

A

dilution -> increase in plasma but not proportional RBCs.

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13
Q

What are some causes of anemia (8)

A

iron deficiency

maturation disorders

hemolytic anemias

acute bleeding

marrow damage

inflammation

neoplasia

chronic disease

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14
Q

symptoms of severe anemia

A

fainting

chest pain

angina

heart attack

worsening CHF

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15
Q

what does patient with anemia look like

A

pale

fatigued

increase HR

Hypotension

Increase Respiration

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16
Q

Clinical manifestations of MILD anemia

A

may have no symptoms

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17
Q

clinical manifestations of MILD - MODERATE anemia

A

fatigue

weakness

tachycardia

dyspnea

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18
Q

clinical manifestations of moderate to SEVERE anemia

A 
Increased HR
increased RR
hypotension
pallor
faintness
cardio symptoms (especially on exertion)
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19
Q

What is the trend with anemia and oxygen to the muscles

A

Decreased causing weakness

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20
Q

What is the trend with anemia and energy production

A

decresed causing fatigue

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21
Q

What is the trend with anemia with peripheral circulation

A

blood is redistributed causing pallor

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22
Q

What is the trend with anemia with cardiac output

A

increased causing increase HR and palpations

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23
Q

What is the trend with anemia and secretion of erythropoietin

A

increeased causing bone pain

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24
Q

What is the trend with anemia with cardiac muscle

A

hypoxia causing chest pain and heart failure

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25
Q

What is the trend with anemia and overall oxygenation

A

hypoxia causing dyspnea and increase RR

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26
Q

What disease is caused in Anemia with Abnormal Hgb

A

Sickle Cell Disease

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27
Q

What is caused by a decreased Hgb content

A

Loss of iron

Loss of key nutrients

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28
Q

what is caused by a decreased number of circulating erythrocytes

A

decreased production

increased destruction

loss

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29
Q

hemoglobin usually become distorted under what

A

Stress on the body

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30
Q

what is Thalassemia

A

Genetic disorder causing defective hemoglobin, causing cells to be destroyed in liver and spllen causing hemolysis

31
Q

can sickle cells go back to normal

A

Yes, but repeated sickling can cause permanent distortion

32
Q

common blockage areas

A

liver, heart, spleen, kidneys, and retina

33
Q

anemia causes the inability to do what

A

bind to hemoglobin normally

34
Q

Hemoglobin S distorts what

A

shape, especially when oxygen is low

35
Q

What is iron essential for

A

normal hemoglobin production

36
Q

what are folate and V-B12 necessary for

A

normal DNA synthesis

37
Q

T/F iron is reused when a cell dies

A

TRUE

38
Q

anemias are classified by what

A

the size and shape of RBC

39
Q

Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency will have a MCV that is larger or smaller?

A

MCV will be larger

40
Q

Iron deficiency will have a large or small MCV

A

Smaller

41
Q

Etiologies of Iron Deficiency

A 
Decreased intake
Decreased absorption
Increased demand
Excessive loss
-GI bleeding (occult)
-Menstruation
42
Q

T/F Iron deficiency is the most common

A

True

43
Q

Where is iron stored

A

in the liver

44
Q

Iron deficiency manifestations of anemia

A

Epithelial atrophy
Brittle hair and nails
Koilonychia

GI tract
Smooth tongue
Mouth sores
Dysphagia

PICA

45
Q

What is PICA

A

craving non-food substances

46
Q

what is pagophagia

A

chewing and craving ice

47
Q

Folic Acid is activated by what

A

Vitamin B 12

48
Q

What can be given to activate Folic Acid instead of Vitamin B 12

A

Inactive Folic Acid

49
Q

what is koilonchia

A

spoon shaped nails

50
Q

what can B12 deficiency also cause

A

neuro complications

51
Q

folate deficiency does not have a problem with what

A

absorption

52
Q

decreased intake of folate can be seen in what

A

alcoholism

diet

cirrhosis

53
Q

increase need in folate can be seen in what

A

pregnancy

54
Q

B12 deficiency is seen in what time of anemia

A

pernicious anemia

55
Q

b12 is combined with what

A

intrinsic factor

56
Q

intrinsic factor is secreted where

A

gastric parietal cells

57
Q

where is vitamin b12 absorbed

A

terminal ileum

58
Q

Conditions that reduce Intrinsic factor or inhibit absorption

A

gastric bypass

gastrectomy

bowel resection

59
Q

B12 deficiency S/S

A

Normal signs of anemia

Fatigue
Exercise intolerance
Weakness
Tachycardia
Dyspnea
Glossitis
60
Q

B12 deficiency S/S NEURO

A 
Depression
Paranoia
Confusion
Anger/Irritability
Anxiety
Balance issues
Gait issues
Memory loss
61
Q

Chronic kidney disease anemia ETIOLOGY

A

Impaired erythropoeitin production

Hgb/Hct correspond with the degree of kidney insufficiency

62
Q

clinical manifestations of chronic kidney disease anemia

A

General S/S of anemia

63
Q

What is Aplastic Anemia

A

Primary condition of bone marrow stem cells.

Decrease in all RBCs in marrow

64
Q

2 classes of aplastic anemia

A

Congenital

Acquired

65
Q

What problems will an aplastic anemia patient have

A

Reduce RBC, WBC, and platelets

Infection

Bleeding

66
Q

causes of aplastic anemia

A

idiopathic

high dose exposure to radiation or chemicals/toxins

autoimmune mechanism with complication of infection

67
Q

What leads to increased destruction of RBCs

A

Abnormal hemoglobin
Sickle Cell Anemia
Decreased life span of RBCs

Thalassemia
Absent or decreased production of normal hemoglobin
Alpha or Beta thalassemia

Acquired Hemolytic Anemia

68
Q

What is Acquired hemolytic anemia

A

Premature destruction of RBCs caused by some external agent

69
Q

what are common causes of acquired hemolytic anemia

A

Autoimmune attack
Blood incompatibilities
Drug reactions

Other
Physical agents (severe burn)
Microangiopathies

70
Q

What happens in hemolytic anemia

A

Formation of immune complexes

Lysis = cell death

71
Q

What to look for in hemolytic anemia

A 
Low hemoglobin
increase Reticulocyte count
Mild jaundice
Hemoglobinuria
Decreased haptoglobin
72
Q

blood loss anemia results from

A

Gross

Occult

73
Q

2 Rates of blood loss

A

Acute/Rapid

slow

Pharm 1 (28 decks)

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