Angiosperms and Gymnosperms

Question 1

seeds form on the surface of leaves or branches of cones and are
“exposed” in the sense that they are not completely enclosed within a fruit

Answer 1

gymnosperms

Question 2

gymnosperm seeds result from a single/double fertilization of sperm and egg

Answer 2

single

Question 3

the developing embryo is being nourished by the megagametophyte tissue

Answer 3

gymnosperm

Question 4

result from a double fertilization of sperm with egg and with two
nuclei of the megagametophyte (female gametophyte)

Answer 4

angiosperm seeds

Question 5

the nourishment is provided by ____ in angiosperms, formed by the union of a sperm
with two nuclei of the megagametophyte

Answer 5

endosperm

Question 6

evolved relatively late in the history of plant life

Answer 6

seeds

Question 7

for about 100 million years after the origin of plants from ____ _____, only
seedless plants existed

Answer 7

green algae

Question 8

an embryonic plant combined with a food supply and
surrounded by a protective seed coat, allowed plants to be much more
successful on land

Answer 8

seed

Question 9

provide the sexual biological link
between generations—the future and the past

Answer 9

seed

Question 10

the dormant state of seeds enables seed plants to survive extended
periods of cold winter or drought

true or false

Answer 10

true

Question 11

serves as a barrier against bacterial or fungal decay

Answer 11

seed coat

Question 12

a hollow pollen tube produced by the ___________(male
gametophyte) delivers sperm to the egg, making fertilization possible
without the presence of water

Answer 12

microgametophyte

Question 13

accordingly, the vast majority of seed plants have non-flagellated/flagellated
sperm

Answer 13

non-flagellated

Question 14

flagellated sperm in seed plants include (2)

Answer 14

cycads
ginkgo biloba

Question 15

are reduced in size and are protected and nourished
within the sporophyte in seed plants

Answer 15

gametophyte

Question 16

before the development of the large vascularized leaves known as _______,
sporophytes bore sporangia at the end of leafless branches known as _______

Answer 16

megaphylls
telomes

Question 17

with one type of spore
produced by one type of sporangium

Answer 17

homosporous

Question 18

producing two types of spores,
microspores and megaspores, in two different types of sporangia,
microsporangia and megasporangia

Answer 18

heterosporous

Question 19

heterospory occurred first among some species of seedless vascular plants
and is evident in some living species, such as the genus ______and a few
ferns, which are not closely related to gymnosperms

Answer 19

selaginella

Question 20

spores germinate to produce
gametophytes outside the confines of the spore wall,

Answer 20

exospores

Question 21

o many seedless vascular plants retain this type of gametophyte development

Answer 21

exosporic development

Question 22

in contrast, the gametophytes of seed plants develop ______, growing
inside the spore, a process also evident in a few seedless vascular plants,
including Selaginella

Answer 22

endosporically

Question 23

is derived from the Greek gymnos, “naked”, and sperma, “seed”.
This term has no taxonomic status, however, but rather is a descriptive of a heterogenous group
of plants characterized by the production of naked seeds.

Answer 23

gymnosperm

Question 24

seed ferns

Answer 24

pteridospermophyta

Question 25

four phyla of gymnosperms

Answer 25

cycadophyta coniferophyta gingkophyta gnetophyta

Question 26

fern-like in appearance

Answer 26

progymnospermatophyta

Question 27

although _____ reproduction is found in a few species of gymnosperms, _____ reproduction is predominant most gymnosperms

Answer 27

asexual sexual

Question 28

* gymnosperms, particularly ____ are wind-pollinated

Answer 28

conifers

Question 29

also known as female cones or seed cones, usually occur on higher branches

Answer 29

ovulate cones

Question 30

also known as male cones, typically occur on lower branches

Answer 30

pollen cones

Question 31

the transfer of pollen from one plant to another, because the windblown pollen is not usually distributed from the bottom to the top of the same tree

Answer 31

cross pollination

Question 32

are sometimes called simple cones because each cone consists of spirally arranged microsporophylls attached directly to a central axis

Answer 32

pollen cones

Question 33

each microsporophyll, known more commonly as a ____, has two pollen-containing microsporangia on its lower surface

Answer 33

scale

Question 34

the complex ovulate cones that are characteristic of pine and most other conifers are sometimes grains can enter through a small opening in the integument called a ____ (Greek pyle, "gate").

Answer 34

micropyle

Question 35

do seed plants have anteridia?

Answer 35

no

Question 36

unlike an antheridium, which contains many single-celled sperm, each _________ contains several hundred microsporocytes, also known as microspore mother cells

Answer 36

microsporangia

Question 37

four cells in microgametophyte include

Answer 37

2 prothallial cells (no function) generative cell (give rise to sterile stalk) tube cell (pollen tube)

Question 38

pollen lands on drops of fluid produced by each megasporangium called

Answer 38

nucellus

Question 39

each pollen grain has two air sacs that function as

Answer 39

wings

Question 40

usually, only the megaspore farthest/nearest from the micropyle develops into the megagametophyte, while the other three megaspores abort

Answer 40

farthest

Question 41

the production of archegonia, each of which contains a single egg, is characteristic of most gymnosperms, including (4)

Answer 41

conifers cycads gingkgo biloba ephedra

Question 42

are a more primitive feature, which gymnosperms share with seedless plants

Answer 42

archegonia

Question 43

in angiosperms and a few gymnosperms, _____ and ___-, the mega-gametophytes do not produce archegonia

Answer 43

Welwitschia and Gnetum

Question 44

while the megagametophyte develops within the megasporangium, each pollen grain forms a pollen ____ that grows through the megasporangium

Answer 44

tube

Question 45

since there are often multiple pollen tubes, multiple archegonia are fertilized and more than one embryo initially develop, a phenomenon known as

Answer 45

polyembryony

Question 46

some pines, such as the lodgepole pine (Pinus ___), require intense heat for the seeds to be released

Answer 46

contorta

Question 47

the most familiar and most abundant gymnosperms, conifers are particularly found in the temperate regions of the world

Answer 47

pinophyta

Question 48

* consists of about 50 genera of trees with approximately 550 species * includes the world’s tallest and largest plants

Answer 48

pinophyta

Question 49

pinophyta include pines that are tallest redwoods (Sequoia ______), which grow up to 112.34 m (386.6 ft)

Answer 49

sempervirens

Question 50

the most massive is the giant sequoia (_____ ____), commonly called the General Sherman tree, measuring 31 m (101.7 ft) in maximum circumference and is estimated to weigh 6,028 metric tons

Answer 50

sequoiadendron giganteum

Question 51

* _____ wood is called softwood because it cuts and nails easily

Answer 51

conifer

Question 52

have no fibers and has thinner cell walls than angiosperm wood described as hardwood

Answer 52

softwoods

Question 53

produce resin, which moves through the plant in resin ducts and helps protect the tress from attack of disease-casing organisms and herbivores

Answer 53

pinophyta

Question 54

often the dominant species in high elevation because they can tolerate cold weather and dry winds

Answer 54

pinophyta

Question 55

leaves are simple and are borne singly or in cluster called

Answer 55

fascicles

Question 56

leaves at the top of tall trees are often shorter/longer and more needle-like/ rounded in cross section than leaves below

Answer 56

shorter rounded

Question 57

* the second largest group of gymnosperms consisting of 11 genera and 140 species

Answer 57

cycadophyta

Question 58

their cones are generally larger than those of conifers, sometimes several meters in length

Answer 58

cycads

Question 59

have separate pollen and seed-producing plants what type of gymnosperm

Answer 59

cycads

Question 60

o the ovulate cones of many species of cycads are pollinated by what animal

Answer 60

beetle

Question 61

sperm are flagellated, and swim the short distance to the egg, rupturing the pollen tube to ensure fertilization

Answer 61

cycad

Question 62

living species are remnant of a much wider diversity found during the Mesozoic era (245 to 65 million years ago), which is sometimes referred to not only as the Age of Dinosaurs but also as the Age of ___

Answer 62

cycad

Question 63

the only living species of the division Ginkgophyta is

Answer 63

Gingkgo biloba

Question 64

commonly called maidenhair tree because of the resemblance of its leaves to those of maidenhair fern

Answer 64

Gingkgo biloba

Question 65

it is considered to be the oldest genus of extant seed plants based on fossil records

Answer 65

gingkgophyta

Question 66

like cycads and gnetophytes, _____ has separate pollen and seed-producing plants (dioecious)

Answer 66

Ginkgo

Question 67

* the trees are commonly used for ornamental landscaping

Answer 67

ginkgophyta

Question 68

only the pollen-producing tree are used because seeds contain an acid that smells like rancid butter

Answer 68

gingkgophyta

Question 69

members of the division are known as gnetophytes, include 70 species divided into three morphologically dissimilar genera: Ephedra, Gnetum and Welwitschia

Answer 69

Gnetophyta

Question 70

three genera of gnetophyta

Answer 70

Ephedra Gnetum Welwitschia

Question 71

one significant feature they all share is the presence of vessel elements in their wood, a cell type absent in other gymnosperms

Answer 71

Gnetophyta

Question 72

are similar to angiosperms in not having archegonia what genera of gnetophyta

Answer 72

welwitschia and gnetum

Question 73

exhibit double fertilization producing extra embryo rather than an endosperm as in angiosperms what genera of gnetophyta

Answer 73

Ephedra and Gnetum

Question 74

is a shrub-like plant with jointed stems and highly reduced leaves o consists of more than 30 species o restricted to desert and semi-desert habitats

Answer 74

ephedra

Question 75

a drug used for the relief of allergic symptoms because of its ability to constrict blood vessels

Answer 75

ephedrine

Question 76

are mostly woody vines native to tropical India, southeast Asia, West Africa and Brazil

Answer 76

gnetum

Question 77

is a strange-looking gymnosperm and is probably the most unusual of all seed-producing plants

Answer 77

Welwitschia

Question 78

Welwitschia consists only of one species, Welwitschia ____, which is native to the arid coastal deserts of southwestern Africa

Answer 78

mirabilis

Question 79

includes both small and large plants that grow as herbs, shrubs, trees, woody and non-woody vines

Answer 79

magnoliophyta

Question 80

are the most widely distributed vascular plants, ranging from arid habitats to completely aquatic habitats, thus showing a high degree of adaptation.

Answer 80

magnoliophyta

Question 81

compound that acts as defense against insects

Answer 81

oleanane

Question 82

division Magnoliophyta had been divided into main classes based on the number of cotyledons (2)

Answer 82

monocots dicots

Question 83

classes of monocots

Answer 83

liliopsida

Question 84

class of dicots

Answer 84

magnoliopsida

Question 85

which are of more recent origin monocot/dicot?

Answer 85

minocot

Question 86

include all of the cereal grains (rice, wheat and corn) and other grasses, lilies, daffodils, pineapples, orchids, bananas, and palms

Answer 86

monocot

Question 87

include tomato, rose, sunflower, pea, bean, cucumber, apple, peach, cherry, mango, and acacia

Answer 87

dicot

Question 88

grass family

Answer 88

Poaceae

Question 89

largest monocot family

Answer 89

Orchidaceae

Question 90

bean family

Answer 90

Fabaceae

Question 91

rose family

Answer 91

Rosaceae

Question 92

sunflower

Answer 92

asteraceae

Question 93

recent molecular studies have revealed that dicots are not ____, representing instead several lines of evolution

Answer 93

monophyletic

Question 94

consists of several families of herbs and woody shrubs

Answer 94

basal angiosperms

Question 95

➢ most are extinct, with their surviving relatives constituting about 0.5% of living angiosperms ➢ examples: water lily family

Answer 95

basal angiosperms

Question 96

are monophyletic group of about 20 families ➢ about 2.5% of angiosperms species ➢ examples: laurel family, magnolia family, black pepper

Answer 96

magnoliids

Question 97

contains only one living genus, an aquatic plant, Ceratophyllum ➢ they are reduced and simplified for life submerged in water ➢ they have no roots, and the small leaves lack stomata relying instead on diffusion for passage of gases

Answer 97

ceratophyllaceae

Question 98

the anther of a stamen contains four microsporangia within which are produced a number of microspore mother cells in what process

Answer 98

microgametogenesis

Question 99

it is at this stage that the pollen grain, which is an immature microgametophvte, is released from the anther and is transferred to the stigma by means of wind, water, or other agents

Answer 99

pollination

Question 100

the three cells at the end opposite the micropyle are known as the

Answer 100

antipodals

Question 101

one of the sperm fertilizes the egg and the other sperm fuses with the polar nuclei

Answer 101

double fertilization

Question 102

however, there are a number of plants, such as bananas, pineapples, and certian varieties of grapes and melons, in which fruit development takes place even without fertilization, a phenomenon called as

Answer 102

parthenocarpy

Question 103

which is an important tissue for the storage of reserve food

Answer 103

endosperm

Question 104

contains about 10,000 monocot species, including nearly all cereals, especially rice (Oryza) wheat (Triticum) and corn (Zea), the grain-producing plants, making it the most important family providing food for human

Answer 104

poaceae

Question 105

is a grass with unisexual flowers

Answer 105

corn

Question 106

fruit is a single-seeded caryopsis, a grain with a single, prominent cotyedon called a scutellum

Answer 106

poaceae

Question 107

consist of monocots that form the largest family of plants

Answer 107

orchidaceae

Question 108

are herbaceous plants, many of which are epiphytes

Answer 108

orchids

Question 109

* the largest family of eudicots and the second largest family in the plant kingdom, with more than 23,000 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees

Answer 109

asteraceae

Question 110

* the third largest in the plant kingdom, containing more than 18,860 species of eudicots, including herbs, shrubs, trees, and vines found worldwide

Answer 110

fabaceae

Question 111

* fruits are frequently legumes, such as peas or beans

Answer 111

fabaceae

Question 112

sleep movements

Answer 112

legumes

Question 113

many species form mutualistic associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which live in nodules on the roots

Answer 113

fabaceae