Kingdom Fungi Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
used inclusively for a heterogenous group of organisms that have traditionally been studied by mycologists
A
fungus
2
Q
refers to the organisms in the Kingdom Fungi
A
fungi
3
Q
Eukaryotic organisms
A
fungi
4
Q
Heterotrophic organism devoid of chlorophyll that obtains its nutrients by absorption
A
fungi
5
Q
Reproduced by spores
A
fungi
6
Q
primary carbohydrate storage product
A
glycogen
7
Q
true fungi
A
eumycota
8
Q
most fungi have these composed of a hyphae that elongate by tip growth
A
thallus
9
Q
mass of hyphae
A
mycelium
10
Q
structure of fungi (3)
A
hyphae
mycelium
thalus
11
Q
nutritional type of fungi
A
heterotroph
12
Q
are fungi multicellular/unicellular
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all are multicellular except yeasts
13
Q
cellular arrangement of fungi
A
unicellular
filamentous
flesh
14
Q
food acquisition method of fungi
A
absorptive
15
Q
characteristic features of fungi
A
sexual and asxeual spores
16
Q
what organelles does the fungi have (6)
A
mitochondrion
rER
nucleus
cell wall
cell membrane
golgi apparatus
17
Q
tubular units of construction
A
hyphae
18
Q
a hard wall of chitin
A
hyphae
19
Q
this part of hyphae may form compartments
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hyphae
20
Q
grow at tips
A
hyphae
21
Q
reproductive cells of fungi
A
spores
22
Q
Spores can be formed on
A
directly on hyphae
inside sporangia
fruiting bodies
23
Q
hierarchal classification of A. campestris L
start from Kingdom to species
A
➢ Kingdom: Fungi
➢ Phylum: Basidiomycota
➢ Class: Basidiomycetes
➢ Order: Agricales
➢ Family: Agaricaceae
➢ Genus: Agaricus
➢ Species: A. campestris L.
24
Q
kingdom name of fungi
A
Mycetaceae
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exhibits different kind of forms and complexity
Kingdom Fungi
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approximate number of fungi
144,000
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two groups of fungi
macroscopic
microscopic
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example of macroscopic fungi
mushroom, puffballs, gill fungi
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example of microscopic fungi
molds, yeast
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what material is fungi's cell wall made up of
chitin
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also found in insect exoskeleton and other arthropods and polysaccharides
chitin
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encloses the protoplast
cell wall
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differentiated to other cell parts such as cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell organelle, and nuclei
protoplast
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obtaining their nutrition by feeding on dead organic substances,
sacprophytic
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(biotrophs) that can infect the host
parasitic
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the fungi living an interdependent relationship association with other species in which both are mutually benefited
symbiotic
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Found in wide variety of habitats, but seems especially adapted to dark, moist environments
kingdom fungi
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Also thrive in substrate with high salt or sugar content, at relatively high temperatures, even in snow and glaciers
kingdom fungi
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most fungi are these that produce powerful digestive enzymes that they introduce into their immediate environment to break down organic matter
decomposers
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fungi can also live in this type of wood
timber
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energy reserve of fungi, as it is in animals and bacteria
glycogen
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serve as an important storage function in fungi
lipid
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fungus body (thallus) in a vegetative condition
mycelium
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Food absorbing portion of the fungal body
mycelium
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Consist of a woven, intertwining mass of hyphae
mycelium
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two kinds of hyphae
septate hyphae
coenocytic hyphae
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another term for coenocytic hyphae
ornon septate
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divided into successive compartments by crosswalls or septa
septate hyphae
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continuous and without crosswalls
coenocytic hyphae
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motile or non-motile spore that maybe produced either sexually or asexually
fungi reproduction
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with the exception of this, non-motile spore are the characteristics means of reproduction in fungi
chytrids
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some of these are dry and very small
spores
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Can remain suspended in the air for long periods, thus being carried to great heights and distances
spores
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Some are slimy and stick to bodies of insects and other arthropods, which may then spread them from place to place
spores
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some spore of fungi are propelled this way into the air
balistically
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The bright colors and powdery texture of many types of molds are due to this
spores
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Most common method of asexual reproduction
spores
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where spore is produced
sporangia
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Sac-like structure with the entire contents of which are converted into one or more usually many spores
sporangia
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some fungi reproduce asexually through this of their hyphae
fragmentation
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hyphal cells that produces spores
conidogenous cells
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Cells produced by this occurs singly or in chains and are called conidia
conidogenous cells
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formed by successive cleavages within a sac like head (sporangium) which is attached to a stalk (sporangiophore)
sporangiospores
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stalk of a sporangiospore
sporangiophore
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Initially enclosed but are released when the sporangium ruptures
sporangiospores
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free spores not enclosed by a spore bearing sac
conidia (conidiospores)
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Develop either by pinching off of the tip of a special fertile hypha or by segmentation of a pre-existing vegetative hypha
conidia (conidiospores)
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rectangular spore formed when the septate hypha fragments at the crosswalls
arthrospore
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forms of asexual spore
arthrospore
chlamydospore
blastospore
phialospore
porospore
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Greek word for joint
arthron
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spherical conidium formed by thickening of a hyphal cell
chlamydospore
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Released when the surrounding hyphal fractures, and it serves as a survival or resting cells
chlamydospore
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spore produced by budding from parent cells that is a yeast or another conidium (also called bud)
blastospore
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a conidium that is budded from a mouth of a vase shaped spore bearing cell called a phialide or sterigma, leaving a small collar micronidium or macronidium
phialospore
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vase shaped pore bearing cell
phialide/sterigma
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one-celled phialospore
micronidia
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two or more celled phialospore
macronidia
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Greek word for vessel
phialos
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Greek word for cloak
chlamys
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conidium that grows out through small pores in the small bearing cells; some are composed of several cells
porospore
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sexual reproduction of fungi consist of 3 distinct phases
plasmogamy
karyogamy
meiosis
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phases of syngamy of fertilization
plasmogamy and karyogamy
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fusion of protoplasts, preceds karyogamy
plasmogamy
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fusion of nuclei
karyogamy
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In some species, follows plasmogamy immediately, whereas in others the two haploid nucleus do not fuse for some time, forming a _____
dikaryon
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May not take place for several months or years , in which the pairs of nuclei may divide in tandem, producing a dikaryotic mycelium
karyogamy
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eventually the nuclei fuse within a fruiting structure to form this
diploid nucleus
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Sexual reproduction in most fungi results in the formation of spores such as
zygospores
ascospores
basidiospores
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also known as chytrids, are predominantly an aquatic group consisting of about 790 species
chytridiomycota
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Inhabits soils from ditches, banks of ponds and streams
chytrids
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Also found in desert soils and rumens of large herbivorous mammals such as cows
chytrids
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chytrid’s cell walls contain this
chitin
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almost all chytrids have this distinction, with few septa at maturity
coenocytic
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some chytrids are unicellular and do not develop this
mycelium
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chytrids are distinguished from other fungi by this
motile cells (zoospores and gametes)
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Whole organism is transformed into a ____ in unicellular chytrids
reproductive structure
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some chytrids have these that extend into the substrate and serve as an anchor
rhizoids
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some chytrids have this relationship with algae, protozoa, and aquatic oomycetes
parasites
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some chytrids are these on dead insects
saprophytic
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Obtains food by absorbing dissolved material
saprophytic
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most of the species live on decaying plant and animal matter in the soil, while some are parasites of plants, insects, or small soil animals
zygomycetes
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division of zygomycetes
zygomycota
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Form symbiotic associations-endomycorrhizae-with plants
zygomycetes
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➢ Few can cause severe infections in humans and domestic animals
zygomycetes
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most of zygomycetes have these, within the cytoplasm can be seen rapidly
coenocytic hyphae
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zygomycetes can usually be recognized by this, rapidly growing hyphae but some exhibit a unicellular, yeastlike form of growth under certain conditions
profuse
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asexual means of zygomycetes produced in specialized sporangia born on the hyphae
haploid spores
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Black mold that form cottony masses on the surface of moist, carbohydrate rich foods such as bread or similar substances exposed to air
rhizopus stolonifera
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this part of the Rhizopus is composed of several distinct kinds of haploid hyphae
mycelium
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Consist of rapidly growing coenocytic hyphae that grow through substrate, absorbing nutrients
mycelium
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arching hyphae that formed from coenocytic hyphae growing through the substrate
stolons
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From each of this, a sporangiophore arises
stolons
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Sturdy, erect branch that arises from stolon, sporangium bearer
sporangiophore
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begins as a swelling, into which a number of nuclei form, eventually isolated by the formation of a septum
sporangium
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cleaved when a septum is formed, with a cell wall forming around each of the asexually produced nuclei to form spores
protoplasm
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another zygomycete that resembles the colonies of Rhizopus
mucor
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Produces oval spores
mucor
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gives rise to a single sporangiophore with globular sporangium containing a columella and producing no rhizoids
nonseptate mycelium
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phylum Zygomycota is named for its chief characteristic – the formation of sexually produced resting spores called
zygospores
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Often remain dormant for long periods
zygospores
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where zygospores are developed
zygosporangia
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sexual reproduction in R. stolonifera requires the presence of two physiologically distinct mycelia designated what
+ and - starins
122
species that require + and – strains for sexual reproduction
heterothallic
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self-fertile species
homothallic
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become separated from the rest of the fungal body by the formation of septa
gametogangia
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walls between to gametangia dissolve, and the two multinucleate protoplasta ____
come together
126
occurs at the time of germination so that the spores produced asexually within the new sporangium are haploid
meiosis
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one species of bread mold used in Indonesia and adjacent areas
tempeh
128
consist of boiled, skinless soybeans that have been inoculated with a bread mold and set aside for 24 hours
tempeh
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holds the soybeans together in tempeh, producing enzymes that increase the content of several of the B vitamins, and renders the soybean protein more digestible
mycelium
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Chinese cheese that uses bread mold species
sufu
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used commercially to carry out important steps to manufacture birth control pill and anesthetics
R. arrhizus and R. nigricans
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contain the basidiomycetes, commonly known as the club fungi
basidiomycota
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Include smuts, jelly fungi, rusts, shelf fungi, stinkhorns, puffballs, toadstools, mushrooms, and bird’s nest fungi
basiodomycota
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also called club fungi
basidiomycota
135
Named for their characteristic structure or cell, the basidium
basidiomycota
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involved in sexual reproduction, produced at the tip of the hyphae and normally is club shaped
basidium
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Greek word for small base
basidiion
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produced by the basidium
basidiospores
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may be held within fruiting bodies (basidiocarps
basidia
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in basidiomycetes, the septa of the mycelium is in this condition
perforated
141
in basidiomycetes, karyogamy (does/does not) immediately follow plasmogamy
does not
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mycelium that produces the basidiiomata, fleshy, basidiospore-producing bodies such as mushrooms or puffballs
tertiary mycelium
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its cultivation is a multimillion-dollar business
agaricus campestris
144
act as either poisons or hallucinogens
alkaloids
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destroying angel mushroom, an alkaloid
amanita phalloides
146
three classes of basidiomycota
basidiomycetes
teliomycetes
ustomycetes
147
include all fungi that produce basidiomata (mushrooms, shelf fungi, and puffballs)
basidiomycetes
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rusts
teliomycetes
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masses of fungi that produces spores of teliomycetes and ustomycetes
sori
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smuts
ustomycetes
150
monokaryotic mycelia of club fingi often occur in four mating types, with only two pairs being able to mate with each other
1 and 3
types 2 and 4
151
very dense, compact solid-looking mass that the diakaryotic mycelium forms
button
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pushes above the surface and expands into a basidioma, commonly called a mushroom
button
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mushroom parts (4)
pileus
stipe
annulus
volva
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expanded umbrella like cap
pileus
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stalk of a mushroom
stipe
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ring on the stalk
annulus
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some mushrooms have this cup at the base
volva
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also known as the sac fungi
ascomycota
159
contains the fungi called ascomycetes, commonly known as the sac fungi
ascomycota
160
most of the red, brown, and blue-green molds that cause food spoilage are these
ascomycetes
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also includes yeasts and edible morels and truffles
ascomycetes
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ascomycete pink bread mold that is used in genetics and biochemistry
neurospora crassa
163
parasitizes rye and other grasses, causing the disease ergot
claviceps purpurea
164
toxic conditions in humans and animals who eat grain infected with the fungus is accompanied by gangrene, psychotic delusions, nervous spams, abortion, and convulsions
ergotism
165
pharmacological activities of ergot are due to this
lysergic acid diethylamide
166
LSD mean
lysergic acid diethylamide
167
in controlled dosages, this can be used to induce labor, lower blood pressure, and ease migraine headaches
ergot
168
reproductive structure of ascomycetes
saclike ascus
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asexual reproduction in ascomycetes takes place through this
conidiospores
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male mycelium
antheridium
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female mycelium
ascogonium
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filamentous, cosmopolitan and ubiquitous found in nature
aspergillus
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Commonly isolated from soil, plant debris, and indoor air environment
aspergillus
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commont contaminants on various substrates
aspergillus spp.
175
Most common genus of fungi in our environment which includes over 185 specie
aspergillus
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2nd most common fungal infection requiring hospitalization in the United States
aspergillosis
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most commonly isolated species
aspergillus fumigatus
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single-celled spores appear in chains in microscopic
conidia
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terminal bulb of the conidiopore
vesicle
180
spore created in the body
endospore
181
spore created outside the body
exospore
182
single-celled fungi, considered as natural as fruit and vegetables as many
yeast
183
used to leaven bread throughout the world and it is the type of yeast
baker's yeast
184
Produced from the genus and species of yeast called Saccharomyces cerevisiae
baker's yeast
185
means sugar
saccharo
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means fungus
myces
187
a typical yeast’s cell is equal in size to this
human red blood cell
188
shape of yeast cells
spherical to ellipsoidal
189
Yeast reproduce asexually by
transverse division
budding
190
yeast produce sexually by
spore formation
191
yeasts can also produce these
pseudohyphae
192
fungi whose sexual stage has not been observed yet is initially classified as this
imperfect fungi
193
all imperfect fungi reproduce by this means
conidia
194
division of imperfect fungi
deuteromycota
195
imperfect fungi parasitizes them and other small animals
protozoans
196
