Origin of Life and Biodiversity Classification Flashcards
(239 cards)
1
Q
focuses on the classification and phylogenetic origin of life
A
systematic biology
2
Q
systematic biology is a combination of two major disciplines
A
taxonomy and systematics
3
Q
history of evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent or relationships among broad groups of organisms
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phylogeny
4
Q
naming, describing, and classifying of organisms
A
taxonomy
5
Q
relationship and evolutionary development among organisms
A
systematics
6
Q
pathways of evolution (how)
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cladistics
7
Q
degree of similarity (how much)
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phenetics
8
Q
Systematics must follow these principles to facilitate proper systemic process of naming of organisms (5)
A
classification
identification
description
nomenclature
phylogeny
9
Q
principle of systematics that includes similarities among observed organisms
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classification
10
Q
type of classification: gross morphological structures
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artificial based classification
11
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type of classification developmental and morphological structures
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natural based classification
12
Q
type of classification: genetic inheritance, similarity, and difference across species
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phylogenetic classification
13
Q
principle that is the assignment of distinct ecological niche (specific role)
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identification
14
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principle that is unique (diagnostic) characteristics of the organisms
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description
15
Q
standard naming procedures for new species
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nomenclature
16
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genealogy (ancestor and descendant) analysis
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phylogeny
17
Q
states that the original evolution of life or living organisms from inorganic or inanimate substances; primordial soup model (prokaryotic cell evolution)
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abiogenesis
18
Q
describes the idea that organic compounds are capable of self-assembly, self-replication, auto-catalysis of chemicals under similar conditions in the early period of Earth
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oparin-haldane hypothesis
19
Q
compounds that has a carbon element
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organic compounds
20
Q
prokaryotic ingestion model (eukaryotic cell evolution)
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endosymbiosis
21
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describes the idea that the statistical probability of successful evolution cannot occur without a guiding intellectual cause – unlike in theory of evolution by natural selection
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intelligent design hypothesis
22
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the various periods in the life of our planet provides a solid foundation on the evidences used to establish relationship between organisms
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biodiversity in geological time scale
23
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provide the key components of systematics as science
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fossils
24
Q
eras in the phanerozoic (3)
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Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
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eon where earth forms
hadean
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eon where oldest rocks, earth crust forms
archean
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eon where life begins in sea
proterozoic
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paleozoic periods (6)
cambrian
ordovician
silurian
devonian
carboniferous
permian
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period where the first fish, first chordates were dated
cambrian period
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period where there is major diversification of animal life
Ordovician period
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period where first amphibians, and fish diversity occured
devonian
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period where first vascular plants occured
silurian period
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period where first reptiles, trees, and seed ferns were dated
carboniferous period
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period where there is major extinction, reptiles diversify
permian period
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periods in the mesozoic era
triassic
jurassic
cretaceous
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eons in the earth's history (4)
Hadeon, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic
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period where first mammals, first dinosaurs were dated
triassic
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period where first birds, dinosaurs diversify
jurassic
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period where there is extinction of dinosaurs, first primates, and first flowering plants were dated
cretaceous
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periods where mammals diversify
tertiary
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period where human evolved
quaternary
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period in the cenozoic era
tertiary
quaternary
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Five mechanisms of evolution that generates biodiversity
mutation
non-random mating
gene flow
genetic drift
natural selection
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changes in the DNA yields different expression of traits
mutation
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reproduction preference and conditions can
influence the general characteristic of the population
non-random mating
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movement of organisms across different population
gene flow (migration)
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declining frequency of specific genes is an advantage to others
genetic drift
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suitability of specific traits to environment is advantageous
natural selection
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application of a correct name to an organisms or taxonomic group
nomenclature
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standard nomenclature in naming organisms
binomial nomenclature
Linnean system of classification
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main proponent of binomial nomenclature
Carl Linnaeus
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Characteristics of Binomial Nomenclature (6)
1. binomial
2. genus should be written in uppercase
species should be written in lowercase
3. both genus and species should be italicized
4. there are 8 hierarchical classification in the binomial nomenclature
5. importance of binomial nomenclature
6. taxonomic classification governing body
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give the 8 hierarchial classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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why is binomial nomenclature important?
standardized naming of organisms
unification of vernacular name
avoidance of misidentification/misinformation
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governing body for plants
international code of botanical nomenclature
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governing body for animals
international code of zoological nomenclature
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governing body for bacteria
international code for nomenclature of bacteria
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governing body for cultivated plants
international code of nomenclature for cultivated plants
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deals with the classification and phylogenetic origin of life on Earth.
systematic biology
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has gained a firm acceptance in scientific circles among several theories explaining the origin of life on Earth
primordial soup theory
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who introduced primordial soup theory
Aleksandr Oparin
J.B.S Haldane
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when did they introduce the primordial soup theory
1924
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States that in the early stage of the Earth, it did possess a reducing atmosphere and following exposure to various forms of energy, basic compounds were formed
primordial soup theory
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The compounds were then said to have accumulated in a ____ where life evolved
soup
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where the science of Systematic Biology started where organisms were classified and name
taxonomy
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Greek word where Taxonomy comes from meaning ‘arrangement’
taxis
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Greek word where Taxonomy comes from meaning ‘method’
nomia
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science of naming, defining (circumscribing), and classifying groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics which include the bases, rules, and procedures of naming organisms
taxonomy
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concerned with the diversity, naming, classification, and evolution of organisms
systematics
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study of diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationship
systematic biology
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pathways of evolution
cladistics
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study of relationship among a group of organisms based on the degree of similarity between them be it molecular, phenotypic, or anatomical
phenetics
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study of ancestral relationships and lineages; relationships are depicted through a diagram known as phylogram/cladogram
genealogy
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aim of systematics (8)
1. To provide a convenient method of identification and communication.
2. To provide an inventory of the World’s Flora and Fauna.
3. To detect evolution at work.
4. To provide a system of classification which depicts evolution within the group.
5. To provide an integration of all available information.
6. To provide information reference, supplying methodology for information storage, retrieval, exchange and utilization.
7. To provide new concepts, reinterpret the old and develop new.
8. Procedures for correct determination of taxonomic affinities in terms of phylogeny and phenetics.
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means that one group exists within another group
nested
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group of organisms that fills a particular category of classification
taxon
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– refers to one species (of potentially many) within its genus
specific epithet
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referred to by the full binomial name (Genus species)
species
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can be used alone to refer to a group of related species
genus
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whatever the organism is named, it must have this ending
latin
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diagram indicating lines of descent
phylogenetic tree
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each branching point in a phylogenetic tree is a diverge from this
common ancestor
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diverging branching point representing a common organism that gives rise to two new groups
node
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Two types of characters used to construct a tree are
common characters
derived characters
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present in all members of a group and present in the common ancestor
common characters
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present in some members of a group, but absent in the common ancestor (previously not seen traits)
derived characters
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pitch-fork like structure in a phylogenetic tree, multiple branches coming off the same node
polytomy
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two species that are really close together (e.g. coyote and wolf)
sister taxa
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one weakness of basic phylogenetic tree
age of particular species
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some systematists propose that classification be based solely on evolutionary relationships
phylocode
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-knowing this of a species may provide a reservoir for genes found in your lost species
closest relative
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data that allows to infer phylogenic information
morphological
molecular
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Genes or other DNA sequences are also homologous if they are descended from a common ancestor
molecular phylogenic information
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Homology: bones in the forelimbs of mammals
morphological phylogenic information
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development of organs or other bodily structures within different species, which resemble each other and have the same functions, but did not have a common ancestral origin
homoplasy
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an approach to systematics that bases on a common ancestry (how)
cladistics
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will include an ancestral species and all of its descendants
clades
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consist of an ancestral species and ALL of its individuals
monophyletic group
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consist of an ancestral species and some, but not all of its descendants
paraphyletic group
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includes taxa with different ancestors
polyphyletic group
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species from an evolutionary heritage that diverged before the lineage being studying called the ingroup
outgroup
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states that given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events
principle of maximum likelihood
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assumes that the tree that requires the fewest evolutionary events (appearance of shared derived characters) is the most likely
maximum parsimony
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Why scientific names are in Latin
➢ To provide worldwide consistent name of species
➢ To provide an international name
➢ To make sure that everybody is using the same Latin name for a species
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for plants, this is used instead of Phylum
division
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publishes International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
International Association of Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)
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revises ICBN
International Botanical Congress
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The plant kingdom is divided into two
nonflowering
flowering plant
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do not produce flowers and include the following groups
nonflowering plants
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nonflowering plants group (3)
mosses
ferns
gymnosperms
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a plant can be divided into 3 parts
stem
leaves
root
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small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta
mosses
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taxonomic division of mosses
bryophyta
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example of mosses
java moss
sphagnales
polytrichum
schistostega
bank haircap
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spore-producing capsule in mosses
sporangium or capsule
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part of the sporophyte generation (diploid multicellular phase of moss life cycle)
sporangium or capsule
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are simplest plants, has no true roots and vascular tissues (no transport)
mosses
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mosses have these for anchorage
rhizoids
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short thin filament found in fungi and in certain plants and sponges that anchors the growing body to a substratum and is capable of absorbing nutrients
rhizoids
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are present in damp terrestrial lands
mosses
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➢ have spores from capsules that are dispersed through wind
mosses
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have roots, underground stems, and feathery leaves but do not have flowers or seeds
ferns
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has an underground stem together with its root
ferns
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refers to leaves or fronds that are rolled up with the tip in the centre
circinate
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spore-producing organ in ferns located in the underside of the fern fronds
sporangia
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clusters of sporangia
sori
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vascular plant that reproduces by means of exposed seed or ovule
gymnosperms
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in gymnosperms
female cones (scattered/clustered)
male cones (scattered/clustered)
female - scattered
male - clustered
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cones are the reproductive structures
gymnosperms
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answer the mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms table
grade yourself accordingly
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have roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits
flowering plants
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flowering plants are divided into
monocotyledons
dicotyledons
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flowering plants that have parallel veins
moncotyledons
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one-seed plant
monocotyledons
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usually present in herbaceous plants
monocotyledons
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➢ examples include grass and maize
monocotyledons
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flowering plants that have network veins
dicotyledons
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with backbones
vertebrates
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types of vertebraets
amphibians
mammal
bird
fish
reptile
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largest group of vertebrates
fishes
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covered with scales that protects them
fishes
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have fins that help steer and balance in the water
fishes
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body temperature vary in the water
fishes
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breathe through gills
fishes
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body temperature varies in their surroundings
amphibians
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hatch eggs and they can live on land as an adult
amphibians
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breathe through gills like fishes
young amphibians
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breathe air from lungs
adult amphibians
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some have smooth moist skins
amphibians
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can move at various speeds; lay their eggs on land
reptiles
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have dry and scaly skin
reptiles
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include animals as large as a crocodile
reptiles
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live in hot, dry deserts and in warm, wet tropical rainforests
reptiles
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lay hard shelled eggs that hatch in their nest
birds
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how many types of birds are there
9,000
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Only vertebrates that have wings and covered with feathers
birds
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Its skeleton is very light in weight, helping them to fly
birds
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Sizes range from small as your finger and as large as a human
birds
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include a wide range of animals (ape, lions, kangaroos, bats, etc.)
mammals
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Young grows inside the mother
mammals
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Include humans but animals have more hair than humans
mammals
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in mammals, these help them to keep warm
hairs
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Feed milk to their young
mammals
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animals that do not have backbones
invertebrates
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insects and other invertebrates have these
exoskeletons
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Makes up about 97% of the animal kingdom
invertebrates
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Hard outer covering that protects an animal’s body and gives it support
exoskeleton
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six group of invertebrates
sponges
corals, hydras, jellyfish
worms, flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms
starfish and sea urchins
mollusks
arthropods
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look like plants but are animals
sponges
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Stay in one place and their bodies are full of holes
sponges
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sponges' _____ is made up of spiky fibers
skeleton
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Water flows through the holes of their body which enables them to catch food
sponges
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Have soft tube-like bodies with a single opening surrounded by armlike parts called tentacles
corals
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Feed by catching animals in their tentacles
coral
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have tentacles to catch their food, move from place to place and are much smaller animals
hyrdas
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catch shrimp, fish, and other animals in its tentacles
jellyfish
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tube-shaped invertebrates which allows them to be put into groups
worms
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have a head and a tail, and flattened bodies
flatworm
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type of flatworm that can live inside the body of animals and humans
tapeworm
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have rounded bodies
roundworm
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Live in damp places and they can also live inside humans and other animals
roundworm
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earthworms belong to this group of worms
segmented worms
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Bodies are divided in segments or sections
segmented worms
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Prefer burrowing through moist soil that allows them to move easily and keeps them from drying out
segmented worms
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belongs to a group of invertebrates that have tiny tube feet and body parts arranged around a central area
starfish sea urchins
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have five arms and no head
starfish
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Its hard, spiny covering gives protection
starfish
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body is covered with spines, belong to the same group as starfish
sea urchin
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has a hard shell, rough tongue, and muscular foot
mollusks
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mollusk with a single hard shell
snail
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has two shells joined by a hinge
clam
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Have small hard shells, but are inside their bodies
squid and octupuses
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group of invertebrates with jointed legs and hard exoskeleton that protect the arthropod
arthropods
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Undergoes molting (shedding exoskeleton) as it grows
arthropods
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example of an arthropod
lobster
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largest group of arthropods
insects
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Include insects, spiders, centipedes/millipedes
arthropods
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Are the only invertebrates that can fly
arthropods
199
have jointed legs (eight), jaws, and fangs
spiders
200
uses its many legs to run from enemies
centipedes
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roll up their bodies when they sense danger
millipedes
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most accepted since it is known for its role in the expression of genes
RNA theory
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States that all life sprouted from a complex RNA world
RNA theory
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responsible for copying segment from DNA, transcribing to form chains of amino acid
RNA
205
Can act as a catalyst for other organic molecules
RNA
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Older than DNA and the first genetic material
RNA
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First self-replicating information-storage molecule
RNA
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Catalyzed the first assembly of proteins
RNA
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their work showed that RNA molecules can form spontaneously in water
Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman
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RNA from the primordial soup model catalyzed the formation of these in the form of cyanobacteria
prokaryotes
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started as marine photosynthetic bacteria which emerged around 2.5 BYA
cyanobacteria
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succeeded the cyanobacteria
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
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emerged around 1.5 BYA through the theory of endosymbiosis
eukaryotes
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states that eukaryotes emerged when an ancient anaerobic prokaryotes engulfed aerobic bacteria that turn to become mitochondria
endosymbiosis theory
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first eukaryotes and evolved into algae
protists
216
first multicellular organisms around 700 MYA
algae
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– occurred about 550 MYA that resulted in the mass extinction of most organisms
cambrian explosion
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about 2.5 BYA this forms to protect live from UV radiation
ozone layer
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lived in mutualism
mycorrhizae
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evolved into insects on land equipped with exoskeleton, jointed legs, and body segments
sea arthropods
221
first vertebrates which evolved into amphibians
fishes
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evolved into reptiles
amphibians
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evolved into birds and mammals
reptiles
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defined as the different genetic traits, species, and ecosystem components of the Earth
biodiversity
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– identified the first principle of the origin of modern biodiversity
Charles Darwin
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who proposed theory of intelligent design
Behe MJ and Meyer SC 2018
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deemed to be too good to be true and requires a very long period of time to suit the very slim probability of its process
evolution
228
evolution violates two fundamental natural laws of themodynamics
law of conservation of mass
law of entropy
229
all processes during transformation will follow this i.e., increasing degeneration or complexity
entropy
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when one population eventually diverges until they cannot interbreed
speciation
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type of phylogenetic tree, diagrams which depict the relationships between different groups of taxa called “clades”
cladogram
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roup of organisms that include a single ancestor and all of its descendants
clades
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began in fishes as 2-chambers
heart
234
only has one valve, only has a single loop
2-chambered heart
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present in amphibians,`
3-chambered heart
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Has a septa that separates the oxygenated and deoxygenated (reptiles)
3-chambered heart
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no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
4-chambered heart
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characteristics shared by organisms in a clade
synapomorphies
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