Domain Archaea and Eubacteria Lab Flashcards
1
Q
broadest of all levels of classification
A
domain
2
Q
example of domain
A
Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukarya
3
Q
introduced the three domain system of biological classification in 1977
A
Carl Woese et. al
4
Q
oldest living organisms on Earth
A
Archaea
5
Q
Resemble bacteria in morphology but have unique cell membrane and cell wall structure
A
Archaea
6
Q
domain that are obligate anaerobes
A
archaea
7
Q
cannot survive exposure to oxygen
A
anaerobes
8
Q
archaea release ___ as a metabolic byproduct
A
methane
9
Q
➢ No more closely related to bacteria than they are to eukaryotes
A
archaea
10
Q
Represent a widely diverse group with one thing in common: they all live in extreme environments
A
archaea
11
Q
example of extreme environments archaea lives in
A
cattle rumens and termite guts
hotsprings
geyers
submarine volcanoes
12
Q
more complex, more common than archaea
A
eubacteria
13
Q
Live in neutral conditions and found in human bodies, food, etc.
A
eubacteria
14
Q
three kingdoms in domain archaea
A
crenarchaeota
euryarchaeota
korarchaeota
15
Q
has the distinction of including microbial species with highest known growth temperatures of any organisms
A
Kingdom Crenarchaeota
16
Q
Flourish under conditions which would kill higher organisms (kingdom)
A
Kingdom Crenarchaeota
17
Q
grow best between 80oC to 100oC and several species will not grow below 80oC
A
Crenarchaeota
18
Q
several species of the kingdom crenarchaeota also prefer to live under acidic conditions in dilute solutions of
A
hot sulfuric acid
19
Q
total genera number known in crenarchaeota
A
15 genera
20
Q
most of this type of archaea have been isolated from marine or terrestrial volcanic environments
A
hyperthermophilic
21
Q
environment where hyperthermophilic archaea can live
A
hot springs
shallow/deep sea vents
22
Q
recent analyses of genetic sequences obtained from environmental samples indicate the existence of these but have not yet been cultivated (kingdom)
A
low temp crenarchaeota
23
Q
More similar to humans than to bacteria
A
crenarchaeota
24
Q
strict anaerobe, the most extreme example of an archaean isolated from geothermally heated sea floors
A
Pyrodictium
25
Pyrodictium has a temperature minimum of
82 degrees
26
growth optimum temp of pyrodictium
105-110
27
Pyrodictium is both ____
organotrophic and lithotropic
28
obtains energy by oxidation of organic compounds
organotrophic
29
microorganism that uses inorganic substrates as a source of electron donors to drive energy acquisition
lithotropic
30
most common electron sources for lithotrophs
sulfur and H2
31
three orders in crenarchaeota
igneococcales
thermoproteales
sulfolobales
32
two better studied genera in crenarchaeota
➢ Thermoproteus
➢ Sulfolobus
33
members of this genus are gram negative, aerobic, irregularly-lobed spherical bacteria with a temperature optimum around 70-80oC and a pH optimum of 2-3.
sulfolobolus
34
genus of crenarchaeota that are Classified as thermoacidophiles
Sulfolobulus
35
grow best at acidic pH values and at high temperatures
thermoacidophiles
36
Grow lithotrophically on surface granules in hot acid springs and soils while oxidizing the sulfur to sulfuric acid
sulfolobolus
37
long thin rod that can be bent or branched
thermoproteus
38
Strict anaerobe and grows from temperature 70-90oC and pH values between 2.5 to 6.5
thermoproteus
39
Found in hot springs and other hot aquatic habitats rich in sulfur
thermoproteus
40
very diverse kingdom which is divided into four major groups:
kingdom euryarchaeota
41
four major groups in kingdom euryarchaeota
methanogens
halobacteria
thermoplasms
thermococci
42
cells in this kingdom assume almost any shape and therefore can be:
euryarchaeota
43
shapes in euryarchaeota
rods
cocci
irregular cocci
lancet-shaped
spirilloid
discoid
triangular
square
44
generally characterized as strict anaerobes and methane is the major metabolic product
methanogens
45
largest group of archaeobacteria
methanogens
46
may be reduced to H2S without yielding energy production
S^O
47
At least 3 orders and 25 genera of metanogens which differ greatly (4)
overall shape
16S rRNA sequence
Cell wall chemistry and structure
membrane lipids and other features
48
methanogen cells possess these (3)
coenzyme M
factors 420 and 430
methanopterin
49
methanogens can assume the following shapes (4)
long or filamentous
curved
irregular
spirilla
50
methanogens can be (result in gram staining)
positive or negative
51
methanogens can be autotrophic when they grow on
H2 and CO2
52
representative genera of methanogens (3)
Methanococcus
Methanomicrobium
Methanosarcina
53
methanogens that resembles long rod or filament with pseudomurein cell wall
methanobacterium
54
methanogens that form irregular cocci and its cell wall is made up of heteropolysaccharide or protein
methanosarcina
55
third major group of archaeobacteria currently with nine genera in one family
halobacteria
56
halobacteria are what shaped
coccoid
57
halobacteria gram staining test
negative
58
most halobacteria are these but few are weakly motile
non-motile
59
weakly motile halobacteria
lopotrichous flagella
60
halobacteria reproduce by what
binary fission
61
color of colonies of halobacteria
red
62
some species of halobacteria contain these
bacteriorhopdopsin
63
used in ATP synthesis
light
64
representative genera of halobacteria
halobacterium
halococcus
natronobacterium
65
Primarily aerobic chemoorganotrophs and require high NaCl concentration for growth (>1.5M)
halobacteria
66
most obvious distinguishing trait of halobacteriaceae
absolute dependence on NaCl
67
growth optimum of halobacteria on NaCl
3-4M
68
thermoacidophilic, chemoorganotrophic, and pleomorphic cells lacking a cell wall
thermoplasms
69
Facultatively anaerobic (kingdom euryarchaeota)
thermoplasms
70
an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation
facultatively anaerobic
71
plasma membrane of thermoplasms contain the following:
Mannose-rich glycoproteion
Lipoglycan
72
two genera of thermoplasms
thermoplasma
picrophilus
73
genera of thermoplasms that grows in refuse piles of coal mines
thermoplasma
74
thermoplasma is a ____ at 59 degrees
irregular filament
75
thermoplasma is what shape in lower temperatures
spherical
76
three orders of thermococci (atm)
archeoglobales
thermococcales
methanopyrales
77
Unlike thermoplasma, these have cell walls
thermococci
78
Strictly anaerobic and can reduce sulfur to sulfide
thermococci
79
Order contains one family and two genera
thermococcus
pyrococcus
80
Phylogenetically closer to methanogens than to thermophiles
thermoplasma
81
thermophiles
sulfolobus
thermoproteus
82
has only one family and one genus
archaeoglobales
83
contains gram negative, irregular coccoid cells with walls consisting of glycoprotein subunits
archaeoglobales
84
archeoglobales can reduce sulfate or sulfite, thiosulfate to
sulfide
85
Can be isolated from marine hydrothermal vents
archaeoglobales
86
Possesses the methanogen coenzymes factor 420 (F420) and methanopterin
but not possess coenzyme M or factor 430 (F430)
archeoglobales
87
also has only one family and a single genus (Methanopyrus)
methanopyrales
88
Extremely thermophilic rod-shaped methanogen
methanopyrales
89
occupies the deepest and most ancient branch of Euryarchaeotes
methanopyrus
90
in this kingdom there is very little information as the cells are not cultured
kingdom korarchaeota
91
Fall closely to the root of the three of life
kingdom korarchaeota
92
Taxonomy of this is not very definitively worked out yet, especially higher levels of classification
domain eubacteria
93
book that will be used in bacterial classification
2nd Edition of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Biology
94
how many phyla of bacteria is there
16 phyla
95
16 phyla of bacteria
aquificae
xenobacteria
chrysiogenetes
➢ thermomicrobium
➢ cyanobacteria
➢ chlorobia
➢ proteobacteria
➢ firmicutes
➢ planctomyces and allies
➢ spirochetes
➢ fibrocateres
➢ bacteroides
➢ flavobacterium
➢ sphingobacteria
➢ fusobacteria
➢ verrumicrobia
96
small group of thermophilic to hyperthermophilic, chemolithotropic bacteria
aquficae
97
Aerobic, gram negative bacterium but can only tolerate low quantities of oxygen
aquifex
98
what is aquifex's energy source
H2S or S203^2
99
aside from aquifex, the rest of the phylum of aquificae are ___
anaerobic
100
xenobacteria comprises a number of ___
aerobic chemoorganotrophic baccteria
101
two best studied genera of xenobacteria
thermus
deinococcus
102
genera of xenobacteria that is thermophilic
thermus
103
comes from Thermus aquaticus
enzyme Taq DNA polymerase
104
Major enzyme used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for amplifying DNA
enzyme Taq DNA polymerase
105
best known Deinococcus species so named because of its ability to survive high doses of radiation
deinococcus radiodurans
106
how much Gy of ionizing radiation can deinococcus radiodurans survive
30,000
107
how much Gy can kill a human
5> Gy
108
gram-negative bacteria and are “either immotile or possess flagella and are motile)
thermus
109
More active at higher temperatures and more thermostable than most other enzymes
thermus
110
thermus grow on pH (acidic/basic)
basic
111
thermus is/is not capable of fermentation
is not
112
substrate thermus use for growth
carbodydrates
amino acids
carboxylic acids
peptides
113
thermus nutritional diversity
- use monosaccharides (not pentoses)
114
strain of thermus that use sucrose and maltose
icelandic strain
115
used as a terminal electrany strains, some are unable to hydrolyze each substrate
nitrate
115
high temp thermus use the following (3)
elastin
fibrin
casein
115
metabolic studies have shown that this have a complete tricarboxylic acid cycle, giving glyoxylate bypass as well as isocitrate lyase and malate synthase
thermus aquaticus
115
species of bacterium given its own phylum called Chrysiogenetes
chrysiogenetes arsenatis
115
Uses chemical means to digest rock for energy and does not require organic matter for its existence
chemolitoautotroph
115
chrysiogenetes are chemolithoautotroph by eating what
arsenic
116
what is the crysiogenetes electron donor
acetate
116
usually toxic to life but they use arsenite, and oxidized form of arsenic as an electron donor to create energy
arsenic
117
example of environments that are rich in arsenite
Lake Coeur D' Alene (Idaho)
Gold mine in Australia
118
small phylum of chemotrophic and autotrophic bacteria
thermomicrobium
119
best studied genera of thermomicrobium
thermomicrobium containing two gram negative chemotrophic series
chloroflexus
120
unique in that its lipids form neither ester linkages like other bacteria, nor either linkages like the Archaea and Eukarya
thermomicrobium
121
the lipids in thermomicrobium is made up of this instead of glycerol
1,2 dialcohols
122
inhabitant of neutral to alkaline hot springs where it often form thick mats
chloroflexus
123
photosynthesis is carried out by this in chloroflexus
bacteriochlorophyll
124
can grow in the dark by means of chemo-organotrophic by aerobic respiration
chloroflexus spp.
125
Ancient genus with a photosynthetic metabolism that is part way between that of purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria
chloroflexus spp.
126
May be one of the earliest photosynthetic bateria
chloroflexus spp.
127
photosynthetic, like plants, which means they use the sun’s energy to make food for themselves
cyanobacteria
128
Thought of as second organisms in existence, because they give off oxygen as a byproduct, allowing aerobic organisms (ones that need to survive) to develop
cyanobacteria
129
Found in the water and were once thought to be blue-green algae (lack a membrane-bound nucleus and chloroplasts)
cyanobacteria
130
where does green and blue come from (cyanobacteria)
green - chlorophyll
blue - phycocyanin
131
photosynthetic accessory pigment
phycocyanin
132
some cyanobacteria have this different accessory pigment other than phycocyanin
phycoerythrin
133
pigment in cyanobacteria that gives its red hue
phycoerythrin
134
Cyanobacteria formed symbiosis with organisms such as:
liverworts
ferns and cycads
fungi
135
First organisms on earth to release oxygen into the atmosphere, playing a major role in making the planet suitable for animals
cyanobacteria
136
important genera of cyanobacteria
stigonema
nostoc
anabaena
hapalosiphon
137
heterocyst forming photoautotrophic cyanobacteria that perform oxygenic photosynthesis
anabaena
138
during times of this, about one cell out of every ten will differentiate into heterocysts
low environmental nitrogen
139
a differentiated cyanobacterial cell that carries out nitrogen fixation
heterocysts
140
Supply neighboring cells with fixe nitrogen in return for the products of photosynthesis, that they can no longer performed
heterocysts
141
Separation of functions is essential because the nitrogen fixing enzyme in heterocysts, _______, is unstable in the presence of oxygen
nitrogenase,
142
used to prevent the entrance of oxygen into the cell the developing heterocyst builds this giving it a characteristic enlarged and rounded appearance
three additional layers outside the cell wall
143
the first layer in heterocysts where nitrogen is fixed in an oxygen-restricted milieu
envelope polysaccharide layer
144
to lower the amount of oxygen within the cell, the presence of this is eliminated while the rate of respiration is stepped up to use excess oxygen
photosystem II
145
small phylum of 17 species sometimes referred to as Green Sulphur Bacteria
chlorobia
146
Most species of chlorobia contain bacteriochlorophyll
a
c, d, or e
147
trapped by bacteriochlorophylls c, d, and e is channeled to the bacteriochlorophyll a
light energy
148
where photosynthesis take place in chlorobia
bacteriochlorophyll a
149
is chlorobium positive/negative in gram
negative
150
themorphilic species which forms dense microbial mats in hot springs at a high sulphide content
chlorobium tepidum
151
some species in chlorobium have this interesting habit with other large non-phototrophic bacteria
consorting
152
Chrolobium spp. – will be in consort with a single non-chlorobium cell in an aggregation called
consortia
153
Both the chlorobium and non-chlorobium cells divide at
the same time
154
second largest group of bacteria containing 1534 species or 32.3% of all known bacteria
proteobacteria
155
Are all gram negative but otherwise represent a diverse range of organisms such as
proteobacteria
156
type of proteobacteria
purple phototropic
nitrying bacteria
enteric bacteria
bacteria responsible for bioluminescens
157
characterized phenotypically as follows:
➢ Gram negative
➢ Nonsporulating rods
➢ Non-motile or motile by peritrichous flagellea
➢ Facultative anaerobes
➢ Oxidase negative with relatively simple nutritional requirements, fermenting sugars to a variety of end sugars
enteric bacteria
158
almost universal inhabitants of the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals, although they are by no means the dominant organisms in these habitats
escherichia
159
May play a nutritional role in the intestinal tract by synthesizing vitamins, particularly vitamin K
escherichia
160
Also help consume oxygen thus rendering the large intestine anoxic (condition which the aquatic environment does not contain dissolved oxygen)
escherichia
161
condition which the aquatic environment does not contain dissolved oxygen
anoxic
162
largest grouping of bacteria though because it is dominated by a number of very successful genera it contains somewhat less diversity than the proteobacteria
firmicutes
163
Approximately 2475 in 255 genera, 40% of the species are aggregated in just 6 genera
firmicutes
164
6 genera of firmicutes
lactobacillus
mycoplasma
bacillus
clostridium
streptomyces
165
All gram-positive bacteria unlike the proteobacteria which are all gram-negative
firmicutes
166
(ratio of guanine and cytosine to guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine times 100
GC ratios
167
non-motile, mesophilic, chemoheterotroph producing acid from glucose only aerobically
micrococcus
168
typically rod-shaped, varying from long and slender to short, bend rods
lactobacillus
169
Can be selectively isolated from natural materials by use of an acidic rich carbohydrate-containing medium (tomato juice peptone agar)
lactobacillus
170
organism without cell wall, although not staining gram positively since they lack cell walls, they are clearly phylogenetically related to low GC, gram positive bacteria
mycoplasma
171
A single culture may exhibit small coccoid elements, larger, swollen forms, and filamentous forms of variable lengths, often highly branch
mycoplasma
172
myobacterium growth often occurs in simple mineral salts medium with what as nitrogen salts
ammonium
173
chlamydiaceae is the smaller of two families in this phylum, containing only 3 species all in the genus Chlamydia
planctomyces and allies
174
All 3 are obligate parasites of warm blooded animals (birds, mammals, including humans); all are pathogenic:
planctomyces
175
3 species of planctomyces
C. trachomatis
C. pneumonia
C. psittaci
176
causes trachoma; the leading cause of blindness in humans; otitis (non-gonococcal urethritis, urethral inflammation, lymphogranuloma venereum and cervicitis)
C. trachomatis
177
causes a variety of respiratory problems similar to pneumonia
C. pneumoniae
178
causes epidemic Psittacosis in birds, particularly parrots, as well as pneumonia, arthritis, and conjunctivitis in young mammals (kittens, calves, foals, and piglets)
C. psittaci
179
another small but distinct group of bacteria, unique because of the stalk they produce, unlike that in Caulobacter is made of protein
planctomycetaceae
180
believed to be used as a means of attachment to substrates
planctomycetaceae stalk
181
4 genera of planctomycetaceae
Pirellula
Planctomyces
Gemmate
Isophaera
182
gram negative , facultatively anaerobic chemoorganotrophic spherical bacterium
planctomyces
183
Phylogenically stalked or appendaged bacterium which lack peptidoglycan in its cell wall
planctomyces
184
distinct group of bacteria, gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic, and mesophilic (tightly coiled, long and slender and in shape)
spirochetes
185
One or more flagella (up to 100) at each end of their cells which rotated allow them to move
spirochetes
186
spirochetes are endosymbionts of this animal
spirochetes
187
this genus contains only one species which lives generally within the style of molluscs such as clam and oysters
critispira
188
genus of spirochetes to be pathogenic to humans
treponema
189
causes syphilis in humans
t. pallidum
190
all live in the human mouth where teeth and gums meet (3)
t. denticola
t. macrodentium
t. oralis
191
commensals in the rumen of cattle
T. saccharophilum
192
two aerobic genera of spirochetes
leptospira and leptonema
193
internal parasite of mammals, normally found in rodents but can infect both humans and dogs
leptospira interrogans
194
Causes leptospirosis in humans, a disease in the kidneys which can be fatal
leptospira interrogans
195
microaerophilic and most pathogenic of the spirochetes and most species in this genus are parasites in animals
borrelia
196
causing relapsing fever in humans, commonly transmitted via the body louse
borrelia recurrentis
197
causes lyme disease which is transmitted by ticks
Borrelia burgdorferi
198
done one of the few exceptions to the rule that ‘bacteria have circular DNA’
B. burgforferi
199
DNA is linear, a characteristic normally only seen in Eukaryotes
B. burgforferi
200
small bacterial phylum which includes many of the major rumen bacteria, allowing for the degradation of plant-based cellulose (cellulolytic) in ruminant animals
fibrobacteres
201
fibrobacteres genus, gram negative, chemoheterotrophic, anaerobic, and mesophilic rod-shaped bacterium; non-motile
fibrobacter
202
with 130 species in 20 genera, this is the largest phylum of bacteria
bacteroides
203
Most common bacteria in the human large intestine where 1010 to 1011 cells can occur per gram of faeces
bacteroides
204
contains primarily aquatic species though they are also found in food processing plants
flavobacterium
205
believed to be a cause of infant meningitis
F. meningosepticum
206
includes the genera cytophaga and sporocytophaga (both have long gliding rods in form)
sphingobacteria
207
Widespread soil species with the habit of attaching themselves to cellulose strands before digesting them
sphingobacteria
208
Both are strict/obligate aerobes and are ecologically important as cellulose degraders in aerobic environments
sphingobacteria
209
gram negative, chemoorganotrophic, and mesophilic; can also be pathogenic in fishes (
cytophaga
210
causes columnaris disease
c. columnaris
211
causes cold water disease
c. psychrophile
212
small phylum of bacteria most all of which occur in the genus fusobacterium
fusobacteria
213
secondary colonists on the dental plaque on your teeth
fusobacteria
214
formed by species of Streptomyces thus thickening and reinforcing the bacterial attack on your teeth
fusobacteria
215
recently described phylum of bacteria, contains only a described species (Verrumicrobium spinosum)
verumicrobia
216
number as-yet uncultivated species have been identified in association with eukaryotic hosts including extrusive explosive ectosymbionts of protist and endosymbionts of nematodes residing in their gamets
verumicrobia
217
cause of veruccae on the feet and hands
verrumicrobium spinosum
218
two sister phyla of verumicrobia
chlamydiae
lentisphaerae
219
