Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medical Sciences > Animal Defence 1 > Flashcards

Animal Defence 1 Flashcards

(100 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the three phases of defence response

A

Recognition phase
Activation phase
Effector phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the recognition phase

A

discriminate between self and non self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the activation phase

A

mobilises cells and molecules to fight invader

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the effector phase

A

mobilised cells and molecules destroy invader

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are nonspecific defences

A

innate defences
e.g. barriers (skin), phagocytic cells, toxic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are specific defences

A

adaptive
target specific pathogens (antibodies), slow to develop and long lasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are lymphoid tissues

A

thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is blood plasma

A

contains ions, small molecule solutes, soluble proteins,
red and white blood cells and platelets are in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is lymph/ what it does

A

fluid derived from blood and other tissues
lymph moves into lymph vessels from tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do lymph vessels do

A

join to form thoracic duct which joins circulatory system near heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are lymph nodes

A

small, round structures at along lymph vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do lymph nodes contain

A

lymphocytes (WBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do lymphocytes do in the nodes

A

initiate immune response if foreign material is detected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do R/WBC originate from

A

multipotent stem cells in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the two major families of WBC

A

phagocytes
lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are granulocytes

A

cells with granules containing defensive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do platelets do

A

initiate blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes, macrphages and dendritic cells do

A

-Basophils = release histamine, promote T cells forming
-Eosinophils = kill atibody-coated parasites
-Neutrophils = stimulate inflammation
-Mast Cells = release histamine when damaged
-Monocytes = develop into macrophages and dendritic cells
-Macrophages = engulf and digest microorganisms, activate T cells
-Dendritic cells = present antigens to T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are granular cells

A

basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils
mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are agranular cells

A

monocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Function of B lymphocytes

A

Differentiate to form antibody-producing cells and memory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do t lymphocytes do

A

kill virus-infected cells
regulate activities of other WBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

WHat do natural killer cells do

A

attack and lyse virus-infected or cancerous body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are antibodies produced by

A

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what do antibodies do
bind specifically to substances identified by immune system
26
what is MHC stand for
major histocompatibility complex
27
what are the two types of MHC
MHC 1 = most cell surfaces MHC 2 = most immune system cells
28
What do t cell receptors do
recognise and bind non-self molecules on other cells
29
what are Cytokines
soluble signaling proteins
30
what do cytokines do
bind to cells surface receptors alter cells behaviour
31
what are nonspecific defenses
physical barriers, cellular and chemical defences
32
examples of non specific defences
skin normal flora (bacteria and fung) tears, nasal mucus and saliva (lysozymes) Mucous membrane (defensins)
33
What are pathogens in our digestive tract killed by
gastric juices or bile salts in small intestine
34
what happens if pathogens penetrate surface barriers like skin or mucous membranes
encounter more complex nonspecific defences e.g. defensive cells and defensive proteins
35
What are the two types of nonspecific internal defences
1) Activation of defensive cells 2) Secretion of defensive proteins
36
what are some types of secreted defensive proteins
complement and interferon proteins
37
role of complement proteins in immune defense
enhance inflammation, lyse pathogens and help mark pathogens for destruction by immune cells
38
What is the complement system in vertebrate blood
group of antimicrobial proteins that defend against infections
39
how are complement proteins activated
through specific immune responses or nonspecific triggers
40
How do complement proteins function once activated
act in a cascade one proteins activates next leading to raid and amplified immune response
41
what are the 3 main defence roles of complement proteins
1) Tag microbes for phagocytosis 2) Trigger inflammation and attract phagocytes 3) Lyse invading microbial cells
42
what are interferons
signaling proteins produced by virus-infected cells that help nearby cells resist infection
43
What is the primary role of interferons
warn neighbouring cells stimulate them to produce proteins that inhibit viral replicationa
44
are interferons pathogen specific
no
45
what are phagocytes
WBC that travel through lymph and blood move into tissues to engulf pathogens and debris
46
How do phagocytes destroy pathogens
engulf foreign cells, viruses or fragments kill them using digestive enzymes and toxic agents
47
what are natural killer cells
lymphocyte that detects and destroys virus-infected or tumour cells as part of innate immune system
48
how do natural killer cells kill infected or abnormal cells
inducing apoptosis in target cells
49
how do natural killer cells interact with specific immune system
natural killer cells recognise and lyse cells that are labeled by antibodies linking innate and adaptive immunity
50
what is inflammation
non specific response to inury or infection
51
what are mas cells
cells adhering to skin and organ linings release chemical signalsw
52
what is tumour necrosis factor
cytokine that kils target cells and activates immune cells
53
What do prostaglandins do
dilate blood vessels and interact with nerve endings, responsible for pain
54
what does histamine do
amino acid derivative that leads to itching and allergic reactions
55
Symptoms of inflammation
redness, swelling, head, pain blood vessels dilate capillaries leak and plasma moves into tissues
56
what do phagocytes do
engulf invaders and dead tissue
57
what do phagocytes produe
cytokines
58
what do cytokines do
produce fever increasing temp = increases lymphocyte production and phagocytosis inhibits growth of some pathogens
59
what happens if inflammationr esponse too strong
allergies and autoimmunity
60
what happens if bacterial infection spread beyond local site
can spread through the bloodstream (sepsis) and can be lethal
61
How do drugs manage chronic excessive inflammation?
act on cytokines and signal pathways to reduce symptoms
62
how does aspirin reduce inflammation
inhibits enzyme inolved in prostaglandin synthesi
63
what is an invading pathogen called
a signal linked to a response by a signal transduction pathway
64
what is a key group of receptors involved in immune response
toll-like receptors
65
what are toll-like receptors part of
protein kinase cascade
66
what do toll-like receptor pathways activate
transcription factor for 40 genes involves in specific and nonspecific defenses
67
What does the CD14 protein do
produced by macrophages and binds to the toll like receptor
68
what can bind to toll-like receptors and start the cascade
bacterial and fungal fragments
69
what happens during the signal cascade in toll-like receptors
structural change occurs in transcription factor NF-κB
70
What does NF-κB do once activated
enters nucleus binds to gene promoters activates transcription of genes encoding defensive proteins
71
What is passive immunity
immunity from antibodies receives from anotherw
72
what are 4 key traits of the specific immune system
1) Specifity 2) Ability to distinguish self from non-self 3) Diversity 4) Memory
73
what is the role of lymphocytes in specificity
T cell receptors and antibodies bind to non-self molecules
74
What are antigenic determinants (epitopes)
specific sites on the antigen
75
What is an antigenic determinant
A specific portion of a large molecule
76
How does the host respond to an antigens presence
with highly specific defences using T cell receptors and antibodies
77
what does diversity in immunology mean
immune system must respond to a wide variety of pathogens by activating specific lymphocytes
78
why is immune system diversity important
Each pathogen may exist in many different varieties or strains
79
How many different antigens can humans respond to specifically?
10 mill
80
what is immunological memory
after one response, the immune system remembers the pathogen and responds more quickly and powerfully
81
two types of specific immune responses
Humoral (B cells and Abs) Cellular (cytotoxic T cells)
82
what do Ag-presenting cells do
expose Ag to T and B cells
83
what do T-helper cells do using Ag-presenting cells
T-helper binds to AG on presenting cell
84
What does the cellular imune response target
virus infected cells and mutated cells
85
What do T cells and their receptors do in the cellular immune response
bind to specific antigens initiating immune response that results in destruction of foreign cell
86
WHat is the basis for the diversity of lymphocytes in the immune system
diversity is generated primarily by DNA changes
87
What is unique about each B cell
each b cell produced only one kind of antibody
88
What is unique about each t cell
specific t cell receptors
89
how is the immune response machinery prepared for various antigens
response machinery for many antigens is present before they are encountered
90
What happens when an antigen binds to a B or T cell
selects B or T cell for proliferation resulting in clonal selection
91
what is clonal selection
process wher antigen binding to lymphocyte leads to generation of a clone of genetically identical cells
92
what are the two types of daughter cells produced after lymphocyte activation
Effector B cells (plasma cells) - secrete antibodies Effector T cells - secrete cytokines
93
What are memory cells
long lives cells that divide on short notice produce effector cells for future infection responses
94
What happens during the primary immune response
first encounter with an antigen triggers naive lymph to proliferate into clones of effector and memory cells
95
what happens duirng the secondary immune response
when antigen is encountered again memory cells proliferate produce plasma and effector T cells
96
what is active immunity
immune system develops a specific response produces memory cells leads to long-term protection
97
what is vaccination
inoculation with modified pathogens that will not cause the disease to stimulate an immune response
98
what are 3 ways to modify pathogens for vaccination
1) inactivation by heat or chemicals 2) Attenuation of virulence by inducing mutations 3) recombinant DNA technology
99
How does the body normally react ot its own molecules
the body is tolerant of its own molecules develops duing early B and T cell differentiation
100
What is clonal deletion
immature B and T cells that could potentially mount an immune response to self antigens undergo apoptosis

Medical Sciences (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions