Brain and Nervous System 3

Question 1

WHat are vertebrates

Answer 1

animals with internal skeletons or bone structures

Question 2

examples of vertebrates

Answer 2

fish
amphibians
mammals
marsupials
primates
rodents
reptiles

Question 3

How common are vertebrates among animals

Answer 3

less then 2%

Question 4

Why do vertebrates often dominate their environment

Answer 4

size and mobility gives them survival advantage

Question 5

What is the CNS

Answer 5

central region for processing and storage
made up of brain and spine

Question 6

What is the role of the Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 6

connects sensory receptors and effects to CNS

Question 7

Do all animals have the same nervous system layout

Answer 7

huge variation in PNS and CNS structure depending on animals complexity

Question 8

What are neural afferents

Answer 8

Nerves carrying sensory signals to CNS (eyes, ears, skin)

Question 9

What are neural efferents

Answer 9

nerves carrying motor commands from CNS to muscles and glands

Question 10

Difference between voluntary and autonomic responses

Answer 10

Voluntary responses go to skeletal muscles
autonomic go to glands and muscles

Question 11

How do hormones and neurohormones interact with CNS

Answer 11

hormones influence CNS
CNS release neurohormones to affect the body

Question 12

what does cerebellum do

Answer 12

sensory and motor movements

Question 13

what does cerebrum do

Answer 13

complex behaviours
emotions
learning
memory

Question 14

What does brain stem do

Answer 14

controls basic autonomic funcitons

Question 15

what does a shark brain look like

Answer 15

very flat
arge brain stem
other structures not fully developed

Question 16

are sharks brains and behaviours complex

Answer 16

-brain very simple = eat and -swim
-few complex behaviours = no/little cerebellum/cerebrum
-mainly deals with autonomic function, sensory input and motor response (large brain stem)

Question 17

what does an alligators brain look like

Answer 17

more complex than sharks
still quit flat but more structure
-olfactory bulb well developed
-large brain stem

Question 18

Describe an alligators brain structure

Answer 18

-More complex but still simple
-little or no cerebrum
-more developed brain stem, olfactory bulb, cerebellum

Question 19

Is an alligators behaviours complex

Answer 19

-eats and swims but some more complex behaviours than shark

Question 20

describe the brain activity of an alligator

Answer 20

-Sensory activity required (in and out of water)
-motor responses complex (death roll)

Question 21

Describe how a pigs brain looks

Answer 21

Very similar to human, slightly less developed

Question 22

How complex is a pigs brain

Answer 22

more complex than alligator and shark

Question 23

Is a pigs behaviour complex

Answer 23

-socially aware animal
-displays personality and memory
-very developed sense of small

Question 24

describe the briain structure of a pig

Answer 24

Developed cerebrum
olfactory bulb well developed

Question 25

is a pig capable of producing complex activities

Answer 25

-co-ordinated and precise motor and sensory systems due to developed cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 26

what does a highly evolved cerebellum in the human brain allow

Answer 26

precise fine motor movements high integration capacity

Question 27

what does the olfactory lobe poorly developed in humans result in

Answer 27

More reliant on other sensory systems

Question 28

What makes up for humans having less evolved senses

Answer 28

**Sensory integration**

Question 29

What is meant by sensory integration

Answer 29

cross communication between sensory inputs

Question 30

what enhances humans sensory experience beyond individual senses

Answer 30

Multi-dimentional integration of sensory inputs i.e. one sensory stimuli activates multiple senses at the same time, see a muffin smell a muffin

Question 31

what happens when a single stimulus activates multiple senses

Answer 31

richer, more complex perception created

Question 32

what is the neural tube

Answer 32

hollow tube of tissue that runs length of early embryo on dorsal surface

Question 33

describe day 25 of human brain development in ambryo and waht structures are present

Answer 33

neural tube contains forebrain midbrain hindbrain and spinal cord these will fold into CNS

Question 34

describe how the brain looks at day 40 of embyro development

Answer 34

-Structures more folded (convoluted) regions remain linear

Question 35

What structures are present on day 40

Answer 35

Telencephalon dienecephalon developing eye midbrain hindbrain spinal cord

Question 36

what does telencephalon become later

Answer 36

cerebrum

Question 37

waht does the diencephalon turn into

Answer 37

forebrain relay site

Question 38

What structures are present day 100 of foetus

Answer 38

-**Midbrain** -**Hindbrain** containing Cerebellum & Pons and Medulla -**Forebrain** containing telencephalon and diencephalon

Question 39

what does the cerebellum do

Answer 39

-intricate control of motor and sensory function

Question 40

What does the midbrain do

Answer 40

contains structures for sensory inputs = mainly vision and olfaction (smell)

Question 41

What does pons and medulla do

Answer 41

Brain stem connects spinal cord and brain control involuntary functions e.g. breathing, circulation

Question 42

what structures does the hindbrain contain

Answer 42

Pons and medulla cerebellum

Question 43

What structures does the forebrain contain

Answer 43

telencephalon diencephalon

Question 44

What does the diencephalon consist of

Answer 44

thalamus hypothalamus

Question 45

what does the thalamus do

Answer 45

last sensory relay between spinal cord and forebrain

Question 46

what does hypothalamus do

Answer 46

regulates many functions e.g. temp, thirst, hunger

Question 47

What does telencephalon contain

Answer 47

cerebrum

Question 48

what does telencephalon do

Answer 48

-divided into 2 hemispheres -perception, leaning, memory, conscious behaviour

Question 49

What is telencephalisation in evolutionary biology

Answer 49

trend where the cerebrum (telencephalon) becomes increasingly dominant

Question 50

How does cerebrum removal affect fish behaviour

Answer 50

no effect or little on survival behaviours

Question 51

what happens when cerebrum is damaged in humans

Answer 51

severe impairments to cognition, emotion, voluntary movements and perception

Question 52

what does the impact of cerebrum damage across species reveal about brain evolution

Answer 52

shows higher vertebrates heavily rely on cerebrum for complex behaviours lower vertebrates unaffected bu telencephalisation

Question 53

what are the two halves of the telencephalon called

Answer 53

two cerebral hemispheres

Question 54

Why do cerebral hemispheres need to communication

Answer 54

sensory input and controling movement

Question 55

What structure allows communication between the hemispheres

Answer 55

corpus callosum enables interhemispheric communication

Question 56

what are hemispheres joined by

Answer 56

200-250 million axonal projections (allowing sides to communicate)

Question 57

what is the brain and spinal cord divided into

Answer 57

grey matter = neuron cell bodies white matter = axons (myelin gives white colour)

Question 58

What is the outer region of the cerebrum called

Answer 58

Cerebral cortex

Question 59

what is another word for the cerebral cortex

Answer 59

grey matter

Question 60

why is the cerebral cortex highly convoluted

Answer 60

increase surface area so more cortex can fit within volume of skull

Question 61

what are the ridges on the cerebral cortex called

Answer 61

ridges are called gyri

Question 62

what are the grooves between gyri called

Answer 62

sulci

Question 63

what lies beneath the cerebral cortex

Answer 63

white matter consists of myelinated nerve fibres that connect different parts of the brain

Question 64

How to the most functions in the cerebral hemispheres work

Answer 64

Contraleterally

Question 65

Which hemisphere controls which side of the body

Answer 65

right hemisphere = sensory and motor of left vice versa