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Immunology, Blood And Stem Cells Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What do red blood cells do

A

Carries oxygen to our cells where they use it to produce energy

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2
Q

What does blood plasma do

A

Carries hormones, enzymes, nutrients and waste products around the body

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3
Q

What do platelets do

A

Clots blood to prevend blood loss following injury

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4
Q

What do white blood cells do

A

Defends us from infection

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5
Q

What did richard lower do

A

Performed first blood transfusion in dogs
1667 sheep to humans

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6
Q

James blundell do

A

Performed first successful human to human transfusion

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7
Q

Karl landsteiner

A

Observed blood transfusion would results in blood clumping in the recipients circulation
Classified the ABO system of blood typing
Identified rhesus. Antigen

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8
Q

What did edward lindeman discover

A

Blood could be extracted by needle from donor and injected into the recipient allowing the volume of transfusion to be accurately monitored

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9
Q

What is an antigen

A

Marker on cell surface that confers info about a cells identity to the immune system

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10
Q

What is an antibody

A

Produced by b lymphocytes which are primed to recognise specific antigenic markers on cells

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11
Q

What antibodies do types a, b, ab and o circulate

A

A = antibodies for B antigen
B = A
AB = neither a nor b antibodies
O = both anti-a and anti-b antibodies

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12
Q

What is rhesus grouping

A

+/- = absence or presence of rhesus antigen on red blood cell
+ = absence

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13
Q

What is variolation

A

Earliest method of inducing immunity

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14
Q

10th and 16th century china and india

A

10th - inhaling dried powders from crust of lesions
16th - (just china) smllpox crusts into skin using pin or poking device

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15
Q

What did edward jenner do

A

Used cowpox infected material from the hand of a milkmaid to vaccinate 8 year old james phipps
Vaccinated 23 children

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16
Q

X

A
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17
Q

Degranulation
Fight parasites
Allergic reactions

A

Eosinophil
Basophil
Mast cell

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18
Q
A

X

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19
Q

Neutrophil does what

A

Phagocytosis
Degranulation
Release of NETs

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20
Q

Macrophage does what

A

Phagocytosis

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21
Q

Dendritic cell

A

Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation

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22
Q

Natural killer cell

Study These Flashcards
A

Kill virus infected cells
Detect and control early signs of cancer

23
Q

names of phagocytes

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A

Macrophages and neutrophils

24
Q

What are macrophages

Study These Flashcards
A

Destroy pathogens by phagocytosis

25
What are neutrophils
Largest wbc population First line of defence against pathogens Die within 1-2 days Pus = dead neutrophils and dead pathogen Destroy pathogens by phagocytosis, degranulation, releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)
26
what do eosinophils do
Deal with parasites Release granules containing toxic proteins
27
T cells response to antigens
T cells respond to antigens presented by an antigen presenting cell Often dendritic T cells become an effector t cells = helper t cells and cytoxic t cells
28
What are cytokines
Communication mechanism for cells of the immune system Secreted mediators which act locally or at a distance Secreted in response to microbes or other cytokines
29
Cytokine storm
Too mny cytokines released Sepsis Response too strong
30
What happens if a pathogen escapes to the blood
Infection becomes systematic Affects the whole body
31
What happens to cytokines produced by immune cells
Leads to leaky blood vssels Fluid escapes from the blood to tissues Multiorgan damage and death
32
What is hypersensitivity to environmental substances
Allergic reactions Reaction to harmless environmental substances Triggered by allergen to release mediators
33
How can damaging autoreactive immune responses be prevented
Eliminating autoreactive lymphocytes as they develop Not responding to antigen unless accompanied by a danger signal Regulatory cells can suppress autoreactive response
34
How can you get immunodeficiency
Mutation in genes coding for major components of immune system Age Malnutrition Drugs HIV infection
35
Transfer of antibodies from immune individual advantages and disadvantages
+ immediate protection, quick fix - short term effect (no immunological memory), serum sickness, incoming antibody recognised antigen as foreign)
36
Examples of passive immunity
Snake bite antivenom primary deficiency in antibody Rabies post exposure vaccination Ebola antiserum
37
Example of active immunity
Vaccination
38
Different types of vaccines
Attenuated Inactivated Nucleic acid vaccines Viral vector vaccine Toxoid vaccine Subunit vaccine
39
Monoclonal antibody therapies
Humira anti-TNF Herceptin - blocks human epidermal growth factor receptor Avastin - anti-vascular endotherlial growth factor
40
What are checkpoint inhibitors
Unlock gateway to the adaptive immune system by targeting an inhibitory molecule Anti cancer drugs
41
What can recombinant technology be used for
Re configure antibodies to bind more than a single target Useful therapies
42
How do doctors make t cells that attack cancer
T cells isolated from patient Cultured so they proliferate Genetically modified to have receptor specific for tumour antigen and with the ability to promote strong t cell activation Transferred back to patient
43
How does desensitisation therapy with peptides work
Peptides induce regulatory cells with dampen immune system
44
What does cell theory state
There is a basic unit structure for every living thing Robert hooke
45
Who discovered dna
Friedrich miescher
46
What did friedrich mieschers
Extract cell nuclei Substance contains protein (DNA)
47
What did Frederick griffith do
Identified that DNA is the transforming factor that could make non virulent cells virulent
48
What did phoebus levene do
Understand components of DNA molecule Sugar, phosphate group etc
49
What did erwin chargraff do
Worked out that different organisms have different proportions of nucleotides But same amount of ATCG
50
What did rosalind franklin and raymond gosling discover
Two distinct forms of DNA that they termed a and b forms Occurs because of water content of molecule
51
Watson and crick do
Built model of DNA as triple helix
52
Why do you need to know the structure of dna
Explains how: cells can replicate the dna they contain cells can make transcripts of genes certain proteins can bind to dna to regulate the genes of an organism dna packages together
53
What did meselson stahl do
Proved semi conservative theory of dna replication occurred in cells

Medical Sciences (26 decks)

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