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Medical Sciences > It’s What’s Inside That Counts > Flashcards

It’s What’s Inside That Counts Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

212BC microscope

A

Greek mathmatician
Constructed burning lens to focus on sun rays on invading roman ships

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2
Q

First century AD Romans

A

Glass lenses
Roman philosopher
Watched gladiator matches through emerald
Burning glasses = focus sun rays and start fire, cauerise wounds in battle
Image enlargement = glass lense enlarged images magnifying glass

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3
Q

Lenses 800s AD

A

Reading stone
Glass sphere magnifying text
Invented by abbas firnas

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4
Q

First wearable glasses

A

1284
Salvino d-armate

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5
Q

First compound microscope

A

Zacharias and Hans Janssen in 1595
10x magnification when fully extended
Used light to see specimen

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6
Q

Galileo Galilei 1564-1642

A

Developed telescope
1609 - compound microscope
1625 - analogous telescope

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7
Q

ANthonie Leeuwenhoek

A

Magnifying glass to count threads in factory
Taught himself to grind and polish curved lesnes
270x magnification
Wearable on one eye

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8
Q

Father of microscopy anthonie leeuwenhoek use of microscope

A

Bacteria, yeast, red blood cells, spermatozoa

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9
Q

English father of microscopy 1625-1703

A

Robert Hooke
Improved Leeuwenhoeks microscope
Compound micrscope with quality lense
Included light source
Improved quality of speciment image
First person to describe cells

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10
Q

Robert hookes microscope dsecribe

A

Used oil lamp for light source with water reservoir
And looked similar to modern day telescope but a tube

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11
Q

WHat did hooke see when he looked at the cork in 1665

A

Cells

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12
Q

What did schwann and schleidden state in 1839

A

Cell is the unit of structure, physiology and organisation of living things
Cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and as a building block in the structure of organisms

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13
Q

Microscopes over next two centuries - focus, financial and lense issue

A

Focus issue:
Improved focus mechanisms
Greater control

Financial:
Investment, attracted rich and talented individuals, combinations of glass makers, physicists, biologists, chemists, menufacturers, metal workers

Lense:
Improved lense, different type of glass, more compatiable lsnses in compound microscopes

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14
Q

Before X-ray discvery

A

Used touch if smoething lodged in you and swallowed

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15
Q

James Garfield

A

President for 4 months
Assasinated
Bullet lodged in spine died from blood poisoning
Chief physician couldnt locate bullet
Alexander bell invented metal detected to find bullet but failed to locate it due to bed springs garfield was lying on

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16
Q

Victorian photographic revolution

A

Increase in photography
Helped discover xrays

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17
Q

Sir william crooke

A

Investigate cathode rays using vacuum
High voltage in tubes caused e- to pass from one end to the other
Glow made e- released and hit end f tube
Image of cross occurs because the metal cross bloclks e-

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18
Q

William rontgen

A

Cathode rays using crooked tube
Tube leaked phosphorescent paint, began to flow
Tested what rays could pass through on painted screen
Producing xray image

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19
Q

How were xrays first used

A

Treat skin disorders
Locate foreign bodies
Produced side effects

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20
Q

How to make an xray

A

Tubes from rontgen
High energy ei pass from cathode through tube hitting metal target on anode
Releading high energy radiation

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21
Q

Why do xrays see through stuff

Study These Flashcards
A

Dense objects absorb photons
Less dense pass through (soft tissue)

22
Q

Parts used when detecting xrays

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A

Photographic plate
Photostimulable phosphors
Semiconductor detectors

23
Q

What is radiology

Study These Flashcards
A

Specialised use of xrays for diagnostic imaging

24
Q

Tongen sterophotogrammetry

Study These Flashcards
A

Analyses precise position of markers within the body
Joint replacements

25
Xray crystallography
Allows precise locations of individual atoms to be identified from crystals Discovered dna is a double helix and proteins
26
WHen must you use a crystal for xray crystallography
Pure sample with ordered structure Sample rotated xray beam and diffraction pattern Computers piece together information to form electron density map
27
Magnification definition
Enlarging an object/ specimen relative to its original size Ratio describing the dimensions of the viewed specimen relative to its actual size of object
28
Resolution definition
Ability to separate and distinguish 2 individual points in a specimen viewed through a microscope Sharpness of image Reltes to wavelength of light source
29
Embedding
Fixed tissue embedded in wax or resin which will harden Tissue no longer flimsy, makes sections or slices easier ot cut
30
Sectioning
Tissue blocks sectioned or sliced using microtome Visualisation of individual cells Frozen tissue sectioned on a cryostat
31
Staining
stained with organic dyes choice of stain depends on tissue and what you want to see
32
MRI stands for
Nuclear Magnetic resonance imaging Powerful magnets excite water molecules in human tissue, detected by radio frequency coil
33
How does MRI work
Magnets align nuclei and put them in an excited state Mri scanner passes radio frequency waves Radio frequency removed nuclei return back to aligned states Viewing individual atoms can produce very thin slices and more detail than CT scan
34
fMRI
Identifies active nerunal activity Identifies O2 usage Active cells more O2 consumption Plot info on top of MRI scan
35
Ultrasound
Improved outcome of pregnancies, ability to identify complications Sound waves pass through soft tissue, easily and are reflected to differing degrees by internal structures
36
3D ultrasound
Provides much more detial than 2D Not better at identifying problems
37
Echocardiography
Uses doopler effect to monitor movement 2D or 3D Allows doctors to identify problems with minimal invasive techniques
38
Doppler ultrasound
Blood moves away from sensor, reflected sound waves longer than original wave Moves towards = reflected sound waves shorter
39
Bioluminescent imaging
Florescent proteins Transgenic mice have genes encoding proteins switched on in specific places Sensitive cameras detect light generated by proteins = green fluorescent protein, luciferase
40
What is Luciferase
Enzyme found in many species of insect Enzyme + substrate = emits very bright light Firefly
41
Using Luciferase in imaging (mice)
Gene switches on in cancerous cells in mouse models Only cancer cells will light up Detect light through skin This method of imaging is highly quantitative, light is directly proportional to amount of gene expression in animal tissue
42
ANgiography
Visualise blood vessels in real time in living tissue Brain, heart, kidneys
43
Coronary angiography
Allows physicians to visualise the blood vessels of the heart Used for coronary heart disease = narrowing of blood vessels supply heart Stents inserted
44
Flurescence microscope describe
1) specimen contains fluorescent molecule, emits green light excited with blue light 2) fitler lets light of pssecific wavelength through 3) mirror reflects light below 510nm 4) filter only lets green fluorescent light through 5) eye only sees green fluorescing molecules on dark backgroun
45
Example of thing used in fluerescence microscope
Nerve cells contain green fluorescent molecule Detect specific molecules inside or outside cell Dark background increases contrast sensitivity
46
Name a commonly used florescent molecule
GFP From jellyfish
47
How to see mitosis in fluerscent microscope
Spindles green Condensed chromosomes blue Centromeres red
48
GFP found when
Improved in 1990s Martin chalfie, osuma shimomura, roger tsien
49
Live cell imaging
Allows changes in cell behaviour to be monitered in real time
50
GFP uses list
Gene expression Show where cell proteins are localised Protein activity Protein movements tracking
51
Electron beam TEM
Travels in vacuum Focused by magnetic coils Electron beam absorbed by electron dense areas of specimen
52
Electron beam - SEM
Lower resolution/ magnification As TEM but doesnt measure electrons absorbed by specimen Instead measures electrons that bounce off specimen 3D images

Medical Sciences (26 decks)

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