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History Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

4000-525BC What they thought about disease

A

Caused by god
Adopted magic rituals talismans and medicines as treatments
Sakhmet goddess of destruction and illness

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2
Q

Ancient Egyptian Medicine

A

Understand human physiology
Body served by system of 46 tubes with heart at centre
Ebers Papyrus - oldest medical scrol 1570
Believed afterllife = mummification
$200,000 afford body in cryonic preservation storage potentially expanding lifespan

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3
Q

Ebers Papyrus 1570

A

Oldest medical scroll
Understood blood vessels, intestinse, airways
Disease results because of channel being blocked by Wehedu (evil spirit)
Physicians seeked cures to unblock channels

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4
Q

Diseases in egypt

A

Schistomiasis
Malaria
Trachoma
Silicosis of lungs
Pneumonia = chiselling stone breathed in a lot of dust

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5
Q

Ancient Greece

A

Asclepius god of healing
Doctors had rational theory of disease and searched for cures
Correct balance of hot and cold or wet and dry = healthy, upsetting balance you are ill
Hippocrates - body rebalance four humours (yellow bile, black bile, blood air, phlegm water) and heals itself physis, natural process, important of rest and immobilisation cleanliness, drug and specialised treatments

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6
Q

Aristotle 384-322BC

A

Therapy - restoration of balance lower phlegm
Fever - too much blood cut patient to reduce blood
Crisis - point in progress of disease where illness lead to death

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7
Q

Arab medicine and mathmatics

A

40-240 of abu husayns books focused on medicine

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8
Q

Chinese development

A

3000 year history, more than 20 disease types recorded 1600-1046BC
Use acupuncture as treatment for chronic pain, tension type headaches, migraines, prostatitis, hiccups

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9
Q

FIrst Roman to duggest disease

A

Marcu Terentius Varro (116-27BC)
FIrst to suggest micro organisms
Understood dirt encourages disease, carried clean water into towns, created public toilets with running streams to carry sewage away

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10
Q

Second roman to mention disease

A

Galen 129-210
Muscular tissue and function
motion and sensation sectioning nerve led to paralysis and loss of feeling to body part
Nerves communicated from spinal cord and brain to muscles
Brain and spinal cord centre of psychical force

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11
Q

Renaissance 1400-1700

A

Revival ideas of ancient greece and rome, culture art science and medicine studies by aristocrats and scholars

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12
Q

1450 Rome third person to mention disease and what they did

A

Johannes Guttenberg
Dissemination of information around europe

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13
Q

Emergency anatomy

A

Identified as scientific discipline
Leonardo da vinci highly influential in pioneering dissection of human bodies and making anatomical drawings

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14
Q

Church in rome after leonardo da vinci

A

Church forbade dissection of god fearing bodies dissections performed on bodies of criminals

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15
Q

William HArvey

A

Circulation of the blood, identified heart as co-ordinated pump
Role of arteries in carrying blood away from heart and role of veins carrying towards heart

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16
Q

Was galen or harveys diagram most accurate

A

Harvey most accurate to present day

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17
Q

Aberdonians in 1920

A

Frederick banting and charles best
Discovered insulin and purified to help with diabetes treatment wiht collip
1923 - banting collip awarded patients on insulin, sold them for $1 each saying insulin belongs to the world not to me so everyone had access

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18
Q

Aberdonians after insulin

A

Hans kosterlitz discovered morphine like chemicals produced in the brain
John Boyd Orr = nutrition influenced view of war 1, low malnutrition in schools helped with food banks etc
Development of mri scan

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19
Q

What does the resilience of plant species and changing animal physiology depend on

A

Climate change (forest fires etc)

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20
Q

WHen does risk start in humans - climate change

A

Before birth during pregnancy
Vulerable people
Diabetes, cardiovascular disease
Weather increases frequency of heat waves, hurricanes and drought
Those doing labour jobs at risk

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21
Q

Most powerful cooling mechanism

A

Sweat evaporation

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22
Q

What does LEAF stand for

Study These Flashcards
A

Laboratory efficiency assessment framework

23
Q

WHat do scientists need to look at when it comes to climate change

Study These Flashcards
A

Using plastic test tubes etc
Type of plastic used to make products
Sewage dumps of chemicals and from homes
Industrial plants

24
Q

Microplastics destroying life in humans and animals

Study These Flashcards
A

Microplastic concentrations distribution in human testicular tissue - every man had microplastic in both dogs and human -> affects testicular cancers and sperm count
Ovarian follicles in women = threaten female fertility
Already appearing in phusiology

25
Medicine wastage
300 million£ Wasted or unused or partially used medication which cannot be recycled or reused Could be. Used to pay for drug treatments for cancer, hip replacements etc All inhales should be returned to pharmacys 73 million ued a year Need to recycle medicines
26
Smallpox history
30% mortality rate Eradicated by 70s Chinese physicians noticed smallpox, didnt contract disease if exposed again Volunteers sniffing powder from dried scabs subjects Usually contracted 8-9 days later recovered, many suffered smallpox outbreaks
27
Variolation in britain
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu Contracted small pox in turkey Severe facial scarring Elderly turkish women regularly engrafted groups of people May 1796 -> first vaccine demonstrated against smallpox Dr edward jenner inoculated child with cowpox sore, reacted to cowpox felt unwell several days two months later took human smallpox sore and remained in perfect health
28
What did florence nightingale do (short)
Reduced mortality and improved sanitation
29
Floence nightingale data visualisation and statistics
Death mostly due to preventable diseases Then death due to wounds Death due to other causes Conditions in army barracks poor Mortaliy for soldiers in barracks over double that of men in general public
30
Pleasure and pain in twin studies
Changes in fronto-striatal structures altered self control
31
Homeostatic feeding
Hypothalamus Glucose, FFAs, insulin, leptin, grehlin, autonomic
32
Hedonistic feeding
VTA = Stimulated by sensory input (look chocolate!) Nucleus accumbens = reinforced reward behaviour (tastes good) Pre-frontal cortex = thoughts and actions (eat it)
33
Parts of the brain associated with pleasure and pain. Hedionistic feeding
Ventral temental area Nucleus accumbens Pre frontal cortex
34
Drugs and therapy in 2008 jellyfish
Protein from hellyfish in 2008 SHimomura Ceating veritable rainbow of GFP variants Used to detect fingerprints
35
Renaissance meaning
Rebirth or revival
36
Major discoveries - church
Reformation of the roman catholic church Galens theory of the four humours disproved Church controlled most teachings within university
37
Major discovery - printing press
Allows news ot spread quickly and not be held within monastries
38
Major discoveries listed
New land = new medicine Microscope Church reformation Printing press
39
Key people of renaissance
Andreas vasalius William harvey Ambroise pare
40
Galens ideas
Claudius Galen 129AD-210AD Used monkeys CORRECT: Nerves control muscles, venus and arterial blood are different, surgically remove cataracts WRONG: Continues hippocrated bodily humors theory, humor imbalances corresponded to different human temepratures, venous blood pumped by liver, arteial blood originated in heart, blood consumed by organs
41
The reformtion began when
1517 Reforming roman catholic church practices
42
Reformation - martin luther
Martin kuther german priest Largely due to him going against church selling indulgences to raise money Posted prints or protestant reformation Destroyed galen’s ideas as church no longer had control over it Printing press could teach and spread quickly
43
Printing press
Discoveries communicated quickly Allows printing of detailed anatomical drawings far more quickly than hand copying
44
Andreas Vesalius
Flemish anatomist who revolutionised anaomical misconceptions by galen Used dissection tools Kept highly detailed drawings of his work 1539 - judge came across vaselius’s work and allowed use of executed criminals for dissection Secretly used executed prisoners for dissections
45
Barber surgeons
Common medical practitioners in medieval europe Worked on wounded soldiers Conduct tooth extractions, bloodletting and enemas Poles used as hand grips so veins would show to allow for easier blodoletting through leeches or razor blades Washed bandages from practice and hung outside to dry - retwist around pole painted red to hide blood
46
What does an old drawing of a brain look ike
Circle wih 5 columns with writing Describing he function
47
William Harvey
English doctor famous contributions on circulatory system of body Blood ebbed and flowed from one region to another in body Blood produced form food in liver and consumed by tissue of body Blood volume work changed medical perceptions of hearts function
48
William harvey blood volume estimation
Estimated 0.043 litres Actually 7000 litres
49
Harvey blood circulated experiment
Trying veins caused heart to empty Trying arteries caused heart to swell Blood only flows one way with valves preventing backflow
50
Who was ambroise pare
Trained as abrber surgeon Became surgeon in army Treated mny wounds in battle 1500s wounds treated with boiling oil Often limbs removed and stump plunged into boiling oil
51
What did ambroide pare make
Cautery irons Most people wiht deep wounds died from blood loss Irons on blood vessels prevented blood loss Although most people died from shock of pain
52
AMbroise pare antiseptic
Instead of using boiling oil used egg yolk concoction Those with oil died those with egg yolk survived
53
Ambroise pare prosthetics
Prosthetic limbs in drawings Although already been used in ancient egypt
54
Gunter von hagnes what he did
He plastinated cadavers using patented techniques

Medical Sciences (26 decks)

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