Brain and Nervous System 4

Question 1

What is the role of the temporal lobe

Answer 1

auditory
recognise and name objects
(faces as well)

Question 2

what condition do you get if the temporal lobe is damaged

Answer 2

agnosia

Question 3

what is agnosia

Answer 3

aware of object but cannot name it

Question 4

How do we know what the temporal lobe does

Answer 4

monkey experiments

Question 5

what did they learn from these monkey experiments for the temporal lobe

Answer 5

maximum response = normal complete face produced
if damaged face incomplete
showing temporal lobe plays huge role in recognising faces

Question 6

How is the frontal lobe separated from the parietal lobe

Answer 6

Central sulcus, strip that separates the two lobes

Question 7

Frontal lobe roles

Answer 7

-primary motor cortex -> controls specific muscle contractions
-personality
-planning
-social conscience
-awareness

Question 8

What study taught us about the frontal lobe

Answer 8

Phineas Gage

Question 9

What year did the accident of phineas gage occur

Answer 9

1848

Question 10

what happened to phinease gage in the accident

Answer 10

tampering with explosives on rail rode
3 metre long pole shot into head below left eye through frontal lobe

Question 11

How was phinease gages personality described before thw incident

Answer 11

responsible
quit
mild mannered
considerate

Question 12

how was his personality described after the accident

Answer 12

bad-temperated, lazy, irresponsible, impatient, foul mouthed
unrecognisable character change

Question 13

What does phineas gage tell us about the frontal lobe

Answer 13

proves role of frontal in higher functions and personality

Question 14

what role does the parietal lobe have

Answer 14

-primary somatosensory cortex
-responding and interpreting complex stimuli

Question 15

what does the somatosensory cortex do

Answer 15

sensation of touch

Question 16

WHat are the motor and somatosensory homunculi

Answer 16

Maps of the body projects into the cortex
shows how diff body parts are represented in terms of movement and senation

Question 17

where are the motor and somatosensory maps located in the brain

Answer 17

either side of central sulcus
motor contex in frontal lobe and somatosensory cortex behind in parietal

Question 18

What does the somatosensory homunculus represent

Answer 18

represents sensory input from different parts of the body

Question 19

what does the motor humunculus represent

Answer 19

motor control
movement of body

Question 20

why is the representation of body parts in the homunculus disproportionate (guy with big hands and mouth rlly small head)

Answer 20

reflects the degree of motor control and sensitivity
hands and face take up more space than back

Question 21

What do patients get if the right parietal lobe is damaged

Answer 21

contralateral neglect sydrome

Question 22

What happens to patients with contralateral neglect syndrome in the RIGHT lobe

Answer 22

patients unable to process sensory info for the left side of body
e.g. cannot shave left side of their face

Question 23

Patients were asked to copy a picture of a house, what could they now draw?

Answer 23

left side of house
unaware that drawing is at all different from picture shown

Question 24

What does this indicate with left sided parietal damage in patients

Answer 24

indicator not everything is symmetrical in the cortex

Question 25

which side of the brain when viewed from above is artistic vs scientific

Answer 25

right side artist

Question 26

what is the main function of the occipital lobe

Answer 26

-receives and processes visual information from eyes

Question 27

what does the complex integration in occipital lobe enable

Answer 27

Creates binocular vision

Question 28

what does binocular vision allow

Answer 28

depth perception high level of visual detail

Question 29

what role do visual association areas in occipital lobe play

Answer 29

helps us interpret and understand what we see involved in articulating visual information

Question 30

what visual problem occurs from damage to occipital lobe

Answer 30

lose ability to perceive motion see objects but no movement

Question 31

what are some real world effects of losing motion perception

Answer 31

waterfalls frozen images cars are in series of disconnected still frames

Question 32

What does motion perception damage reveal about visual processing

Answer 32

different aspects of vision handled by distinct brain regions small lesions can cause specific deficits

Question 33

what does functional localisation mean

Answer 33

specific brain areas are responsible for specific parts

Question 34

how was functional localisation discovered

Answer 34

brain damaged patients observing which abilities were impaired

Question 35

what modern technologies have advanced our understanding of brain function

Answer 35

PET MRI fMRI

Question 36

what does fMRI stand for

Answer 36

functional magnetic resonance imaging

Question 37

what does fMRI do

Answer 37

measures brain activity by detecting **blood flow** related to neural activity

Question 38

why are imaging techniques important in neuroscience

Answer 38

provide non-invasive, real-time data about which brain areas are involved in specific cognitive and sensory tasks

Question 39

what does PET scan stand for

Answer 39

positron emission tomography

Question 40

How does PET scan work

Answer 40

radiactive substance injected and detected as it passes through brain

Question 41

what is observed in a PET scan

Answer 41

detect active areas of brain most active red, least active blue

Question 42

how does the brain process someone to **speak a written word** step by step

Answer 42

1) Words detected by visual cortex 2) Processed by Wernickes area 3) Transmitted to Broca's area 4) Stimulated motor cortex to speak word

Question 43

how does the brain process someone to **speak a heard word** step by step

Answer 43

1) Auditory cortex detects words 2) Processed by Wernicke's area 3) Transmitted to Broca's area 4) Broca's area stimulates motor cortex to speak word

Question 44

What does patient get with damaged Wernicke's area

Answer 44

receptive aphasia

Question 45

What happens when patient has receptive aphasia

Answer 45

Patient cannot understand visual or spoken communication (when they speak it doesnt make sense)

Question 46

What does patient get when they have damaged broca's area

Answer 46

expressive aphasia

Question 47

What happens to patient with expressive aphasia

Answer 47

understand visual and spoken communication cannot produce any spoken or written language

Question 48

is only the visual cortex involved in something we see

Answer 48

no other brain regions involved to create rich meaningful experience

Question 49

What does the visual cortex primarily process

Answer 49

basic visual features like size, colour, shape and motion of object

Question 50

What role do memory and experience play in perception

Answer 50

provide context and meaning so we can identify objects and associate them with past experiences

Question 51

How does the brain prepare a motor response to what we see

Answer 51

other brain areas involved to trigger motor actions

Question 52

is it possible to create an artificial brain

Answer 52

'Blue Brain Project' aims to build synthetic mammalian brain

Question 53

What is the blue brain project

Answer 53

Henry Markram in Switzerland aims to digitally reconstruct andn simulate mammalian brain

Question 54

Who is funding the blue brain project

Answer 54

IBM, the pentagon and swiss government

Question 55

long term goal of blue brain project

Answer 55

create fully functional, speaking and thinking synthetic brain completion in 10 years

Question 56

what did the blue brain project achieve in 2007

Answer 56

modelleted a column of rat neurons containing 10,000 neurons and 100 million synapses

Question 57

How computationally demanding is simulating a single neuron

Answer 57

10,000 laptops needed for one column one neuron needs one laptop

Question 58

What are the enxt steps after simulating a cortical column?

Answer 58

1) Develop more biologically accurate model 2) Link multiple columns together 3) Work toward simulating 2 million columns in a mature human brain

Question 59

how many cortical columns are estimated in a brain

Answer 59

2 million