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The Cell as a Factory Flashcards

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1
Q

carbohydrates formular and function

A

Cn(H2O)n
Source os stored energy
transport stored energy

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2
Q

oligosaccharides

A

3-20 monosaccharides

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3
Q

WHat links monosaccharides together

A

condensation reaction
forms glycosidic bonds

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4
Q

olgiosaccharides bonds

A

covalently bonded to proteins and lipids on cell surfaces and act as recgnition signals

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5
Q

lipids charges

A

nonpolar hydrocarbons
van der waals forces hold them together
not polymers because they are not covalently bonded

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6
Q

What happens when lipids are sufficiently close together

A

Weak but additive van der waals forces hold thme together
Not covalently bonded bcoz not polymers

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7
Q

What types of lipids are there

A

Fats and oils - store energy
Phospholipids - structural role in cell membranes
Carotenoids and chlorophylls - capture light energy in plants
Steroids and modified fatty acids - hormones and vitamins

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8
Q

How is a triglyceride synthesised

A

3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol loses 3H2O
Easter linkage is formed
Triglyceride formed

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9
Q

Animal fats structure

A

Saturated - packed together tightly, solid at room temp
E.g. palmitic acid

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10
Q

Plant oils structure

A

Saturated - packed together tightly, solid at room temp
E.g. palmitic acid

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11
Q

What does it mean if fatty acids are amphipathic

A

Have opposing chemical properties
Carboxyl ionises forms COO- and strongly hydrophiliv other end hydrophobic

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12
Q

Phospholipids structure

A

2 fatty acids acids bind to glycerol and one phosphate
Phosphate is hydrophilic - the head
Tails are fatty acid chains - hydrophobic
Amphipathic

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13
Q

what is bioluminescence

A

endergonic reaction driven by ATP hydrolysis

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14
Q

equation for bioluminescence

A

lucerin + O2 + ATP -luciferase-> oxyluciferin + AMP + PPi + light

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15
Q

formation of ATP equation

A

ADP + Pi + free energy -> ATP + H2O

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16
Q

Types of exergonic reactions

A

releases energy
cell respiration
catabolism
ADP + Pi -> ATP

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17
Q

Types of endergonic reactions

A

active transport
cell movements
anabolism
ATP -> ADP + PI

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18
Q

WHat are fuels definition

A

molecules whose stored energy can be released for use
e.g. glucose

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19
Q

how does glucose oxidation release energy

A

metabolic pathways

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20
Q

Burning or metabolism of glucose equation

A

C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + free energy

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21
Q

delta G is what kind of energy

A

free energy

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22
Q

delta G amount of complete combustion of glucose

A

-686 kcal/mol
highly exergernic

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23
Q

delta G in the formation of ADP + Pi amount

A

-7.3 to -14 kcal/mol (exergonic)

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24
Q

what are the three metabolic pathways involved in gaining energy from glucose

A

Glycolysis = glucose -> pyruvate
(Aerobic) cellular respiration = pyruvate -> H2O, CO2 and ATP
(Anaerobic) Fermentation = pyruvate -> lactic acid or ethanol, CO2 and ATP

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25
What two different process is pyruvate converted into to form ATP
1) Aerobic cellular respiration oxidation, waste H2O and CO2, 32 ATP 2) Anaerobic fermentation incomplete oxidation, waste lactic acid or ethanol and CO2, 2 ATP
26
what three pathways of cellular respiration follows glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation citric acid cycle electron transport chain
27
what pathways of anaerobic resp follows glycolysis
fermentation
28
describe oxidation and reduction with agents
reactant thats reduced = oxidizing agent oxdising agent -- e- -> reduced compound
29
whats the oxidising agent in glucose combustion
oxygen = oxidising agent glucose = reducing agent glucose e- -> O2
30
what is NADH oxidised and reduced
NAD+ = oxidised NADH = reduced
31
NADH oxidation equation
NADH + H+ + 1/2O2 -> NAD+ + H2O
32
what type of reaction and how much energy used to produce NAD+
exergonic -52.4 kcal/mol
33
what does NAD+ need to turn into NADH
reduction H+ + 2e-
34
where does glycolysis take place
cytosol
35
whats formed from glycolysis
no CO2 2 pyruvate 6 ATP 2 NADH
36
what happens during pyruvate oxidation
mitochondrial matrix pyruvate oxidised forms acetate CO2 released Decarboxylated to form NAD+ + 2e- + H+ -> NADH Acetate + CoA -> acetyl CoA 1CO2, 1NADH, 1acetyl coA
37
what is inputed in citric acid cycle
inputs = acetyl coA, water, NAD+, FAD and GDP
38
WHat is formed from the citric acid cycle
2 FADH2 6 NADH 2 ATP 4 CO2
39
WHat does each glucose produce
6 CO2 10 NADH 2 FADH2 30 ATP
40
what is formed from pyruvae oxidation
2 Acetyl-CoA 2 CO₂ 2 NADH
41
WHat are the two stages during oxidative phosphorylation
electron transport chemiosmosis
42
what happens during electron transport
electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass along respiratory chain of membrane associated carriers flow in proton conc gradient in mitochondria
43
Process of electron transport chain step by step (not including ATP synthase
1) NADH transports electrons to complex 1 (NADH-Q reductase 2) FADH2 -e-> complex 2 electrons move within these complexes in inner mitochondrial membrane (H+ pumped from matrix into intermembrane space ) 3) Ubiquinone carries e- from complex 1 and 2 -> 3 4) Complex 3 transfers e- to cytochrome C (pumps H+) 5) Cytochrome C is a mobile carrier, transports e- to complex IV (cytochrome oxidase) 6) Complex IV transfers ei to O2 forming H2O and pumps H+
44
ATP synthase process after electron transport chain
7) H+ ions that were pumped into intermembrane spac forms proton gradient high H+ in intermembrane, low in matrix 8) ATP synthase, H+ flows back into matrix through ATP synthase forming ADP + Pi -> ATP
45
WHy is the electron transport chain so long why not just NADH + H+ + 1/2O2 -> NAD+ + H2O
too much free energy released at once and the cell wouldnt be able to harvest it releasing small amounts of energy can be captured by endergonic reactions
46
WHat drives protons (H+) back into the matrix
proton motive force
47
what is chemiosmosis
protons diffuse back into the mitochondria through ATP synthase
48
ATP synthase F0 and F1 subunits where
F0 subunit = transmembrane F1 = mitochondrial matrix to expose active sites from ATP synthesis
49
Describe lactic acid fermentation
occurs in microorganisms some muscle cells pyruvate is electron acceptor lactate is product and can build up
50
What 'does' alcoholic fermentation
Yeasts and some plant cells
51
what does alcoholic fermentation require
requires two enzymes ot metabolise pyruvate to ethanol
52
how does alcoholic fermentation work
Acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH and H+ forming NAD+ 2 ethanol are produced alcohol dehydrogenase reaction
53
How can ATP be produced in the absence of O2
glycolysis and fermentation fermentation = in cytosol and regenerates NAD+ pyruvate used to reduce NADH+ and H+
54
describe hoe fermentation produces ethanol using 2 acetaldehyde
1) Glycolysis occurs producing 2 pyruvate 2) pyruvate dehydrogenated losing 2CO2 3) producing 2 Acetaldehyde 4) Acetaldehyde is dehydrogenated converting 2 NADH -> NAD+ 5) 2 ethanol formed
55
How much ATP does fermentation and cellular resp (including glycolysis) produce
Glyc + ferm = 2 ATP Glyc + cell resp = 32 ATP
56
How much NADH, ATP, FADH2, CO2 and water is produced in cell resp and in what stages
Glycolysis = 2 NADH, 5 ATP Pyruvate Oxidation = 2 NADH, 2 CO2, 5ATP Citric acid cycle = 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4CO2, 20ATP Electron transport/ atp synthesis = 28 ATP, 12 H2O
57
what regulates metabolic pathways
enzyme inhibitors
58
what parts of cellular respiration process use and produce amino acids
Glucose -> pyruvate citric acid cycle
59
what are amino acids used to produce
nucleic acids = purines proteins
60
catabolic interconversions in polysaccharides
polysaccharides = hydrolysed to glucose enters glycolysis and cell resp
61
what are lipids broken down into | glycerol and fatty acids
glycerol -> DAP fatty acids -> acetyl coA
62
what is an anabolic interconversion in cell resp
Gluconeogenesis glucose formed form citric acid cycle and glycolysis intermediates
63
what is positive and negative feedback referring to in this process
whats stimulated and inhibited and how its stimulated and inhibited
64
WHat is stimulating in glycolysis regulation
ADP or AMP stimulates = activates phosphofructokinase to speed up glycolysis to produce more atp if energy levels low
65
WHat is inhibiting in glycolysis regulation
ATP inhibits glycolysis to slow down in energy levels too high citrate inhibits glycolysis to avoid overproduction if citric acid cycle is backed up
66
what is stimulated during citric acid cycles when regulating citrate synthase
ADP or NAD+ cycle production if low energy = more ATP
67
WHat is inhibited in the regulation of citrate synthase
ATP or NADH when enough energy has been produced, slows down cycle to conserve resources
68
what is stimuated during the production of isocitrate dehydrogenation
ADP or NAD+ promotes cycle for more enery
69
what is inhibited during isocitrate dehydrogenation regulation
ATP or NADH slows cycle when enough energy has been produced
70
what is phosphofructokinase and isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibited by
phosphofructokinase = atp isocitrate dehydrogenase = NADH + H+ and ATP
71
what happens to citrate production when ATP are high
citrate converts acetyl coA to fatty acids for storage fatty acids can be metabolised to produce more acetyl coA

Medical Sciences (26 decks)

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