Animal Defence 1

Question 1

Lymph

Answer 1

Fluid derived from blood and other tissues

Question 2

Lymph nodes

Answer 2

Small, round structures at many sites along lymph vessels, contain lymphocytes

Question 3

Two major families of white blood cells

Answer 3

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

Question 4

Four key protein types of cell-cell interactions in mammals

Answer 4

Antibodies, major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptors, cytokines

Question 5

Nonspecific defences

Answer 5

Skin, normal flora, tears, mucus, saliva, mucous membranes, gastric juices, bile, phagocytes, NK cells, inflammation, mast cells, histamine, prostaglandins, tumour necrosis factor

Question 6

More complex nonspecific defences

Answer 6

Activation of defensive cells, secretion of defensive proteins (complement and interferon)

Question 7

Three types of defence provided by complement proteins

Answer 7

Attach to microbes and mark them for phagocytosis, activate inflammation response and attract phagocytes, lyse invading cells

Question 8

Interferons

Answer 8

Signalling molecules produced by cells infected by a pathogen, increase resistance of neighbouring cells to the pathogen

Question 9

Signal transduction pathway

Answer 9

CD14 proteins bind to toll-like receptor, bacterial and fungal fragments can bind and start a kinase cascade, NF-kB can enter the nucleus, bind to gene promotors, and activate transcription of genes encoding for defensive proteins

Question 10

Lymphocytes are…

Answer 10

Highly specialised

Question 11

Diversity

Answer 11

Humans can respond specifically to about 10million different antigens

Question 12

Immunological memory

Answer 12

After one response to a pathogen, the immune system remembers and can respond more quickly next time

Question 13

Two types of specific immune system response

Answer 13

Humoural and cellular