Animal Form and Function- [Muscular System, Immune, Integumentary, Skeletal] Flashcards
The Muscle System
-Muscle Fibers
A skeletal muscle consists of numerous muscle cells called MUSCLE FIBERS.
The Muscle System
- Ligaments
- Tendons
- Origin
- Insertion
- Extension
- Flexion
- Ligaments - bone to bone connectors, strengthen joints
- Tendons - muscle-to-bone, bend skeleton at moveable joints
- Origin = point of attachment of muscle to stationary bone.
- Insertion = point of attachment of muscle to bone that moves.
- Extension = Straightening of joint
- Flexion = bending of joint
The Muscle System
3 types of joints
- Fibrous - define and give an example
- Cartilaginous - define and give an example
- Synovial - define and give an example
- Fibrous = connect bones w/o allowing any movement
Ex = skull, pelvis, spinous process and vertebrae) - Cartilaginous = bones attached by cartilage, allow little movement
Ex = spine & ribs - Synovial = allow for much more movement; most common; filled with synovial fluid which acts as a lubricant
EX = carpals, wrist, elbow, knee joint.
The Muscular System
Skeletal muscle(striated muscle)- multi or uni? voluntary or involuntary?
- Myofibrils
- Sacromeres
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Sarcoplasm
- Sarcolemma
* Action Potential
* T-tubules - Mitochondria
Skeletal muscle(striated muscle) - voluntary movement, fibers are MULTINUCLEATED cells.
MYOFIBRILS= Composed of thin and thick filaments.
- Sacromeres= Individual contractile units separated by a border (Z-line)
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum = Stores Ca2+l surrounds myofibrils
- Sarcoplasm= cytoplasm
-Sarcolemma = Plasma membrane of muscle cells ; can propagate ACTION POTENTIAL
I) invaginated by T-TUBULES - channels for ion flow.
II) Wraps several myofibrils together to form a muscle cell/muscle fiber.
-Mitochondria = Present in large amounts in myofibrils
Sarcomere is composed of ____ and ____
Is composed of thin filaments (ACTIN) and thick filaments (MYOSIN)
The Muscle System
Sacromere
*Z lines
* M line
*I band
* H zone
*A band- Z lines= zig zag
* M line= middle
* I band = Region containing thin filaments(actin) only- H zone = Contains thick filaments(myosin) only.
- A band = Carries H zone and I band. Actin and myosin overlapping
The Muscle System
What are 3 kinds of muscles?
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
The Immune System
Skin and Mucous membranes
Provides a nonspecific first line of defense against invaders entering through the skin or through openings into the body.
The Immune System
-Antimicrobial proteins:where is it found?
(such as lysozyme, which breaks down the cell walls of bacteria) are contained in saliva, tears.
The Immune System
- Cilia
- Gastric Juice
- Cilia = Lines the lungs served to sweep invaders out.
- Gastric Juice = Stomach kills most microbes.
The Immune System
-Symbiotic bacteria: Where is it found?
Found in Digestive tract and vagina outcompetes many other many other organisms. that could cause damage.
The Immune System
Types of WBCs
- Phagocytes
- Neutrophills
- Monocytes
- Macrophages
Phagocytes - are white blood cells(leukocytes) that engulf pathogens by phagocytosis.
They include NEUTROPHILLS and MONOCYTES.
Macrophages = Monocytes enlarge into large phagocytic cells.
The Immune System: 2nd line of defense
-Interferons
Secreted by cells invaded invaded by viruses/pathogens that stimulate neighboring cells to produce proteins defend against virus.
The Muscular System
Types of Muscle Response:
* Simple Twitch
1. Laten Period
2. Contraction
3. Relaxation
Simple Twitch = Response of a single muscle fiber to brief stimulus;
- Laten Period= Time btw stimulation and onset of contraction, relax
- Contraction
- Relaxation= unresponsive to the stimulus.
The Muscular System
Types of Muscle Response:
- Summation
- Tetanus
-Summation = contractions combine & become stronger and more prolonged.
Tetanus = Continuous sustained contractionl muscle cannot relax. Will release if maintained
The Muscular System
Types of Muscle Response:
-Tonus
Tonus = State of partial contraction; muscle never completely relaxed.
The Muscular System
- Smooth Muscle
- Vol or invol?
- What does it lack?
- Which NS system is it stimulated by?
- Give example of Smooth Muscle
Involuntaril, ONE central nucleus, LACKS striation; stimulate by the AUTONOMIC nervous system.
Ex- lining of bladder, blood vessel walls_
The Muscular System
- What are two types of smooth muscle?
Single- Unit(visceral)= visceral, has gap junctions, contracts as a single unit (stomach, uterus, urinary bladder)
MULTI UNIT - Attached to the neuron contracts independently(iris,)
The Muscular System
Cardiac Muscle
- striated or non-striated?
- # of central nuclei?
- mitochondria
- Striated appearance (sarcomeres)
- One or TWO central nucleil
- Lots of mitochondria
The Muscular System
Both smooth and cardiac muscle are ______.
State and describe.
Both smooth and cardiac muscle are MYSOGENIC
MYSOGENIC = capable of contracting without stimuli from nerve cells.
The Muscular System
Movement in lower forms:
Unicellular Locomotion
*Protozoans & primitive algae.
* Amoeba
- Protozoans & primitive algae= Cilia or flagella by means of POWER STROKE an RECOVERY STROKE
- Amoeba =extend PSEUDOPODIAl advancing cell membrane extends forward.
The Muscular System
Movement in lower forms:
- Invertebrate Locomotion
* Hydrostatic Skeleton
* *Flatworms-logitudinal & circular, contract against hydrostatic skeleton.
* * Segmented Worms (Annelids)
- Hydrostatic Skeleton
* *FLATWORMS -longitudinal & circular, contract against hydrostatic skeleton. Contraction causes it to flow better.** Segmented Worms (Annelids) = Bristles in lower part of each segment , SETAE, anchor worm in earth while muscles push ahead.
The Skeletal System
- Exoskeleton
- Arthropods- what are they made of?
-Arthropods - made of hard CHITLIN,molting for growth.
The Skeletal System
- What is the Vertebrate Skeleton comprised of?
- What are two major components for it?
It is comprised of an ENDOSKELETON.
2 major components are CARTILAGE and BONE.
