Biology > Animal Form and Function- [Muscular System, Immune, Integumentary, Skeletal] > Flashcards

Animal Form and Function- [Muscular System, Immune, Integumentary, Skeletal] Flashcards

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1
Q

The Muscle System

-Muscle Fibers

A

A skeletal muscle consists of numerous muscle cells called MUSCLE FIBERS.

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2
Q

The Muscle System

  • Ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Origin
  • Insertion
  • Extension
  • Flexion
A
  • Ligaments - bone to bone connectors, strengthen joints
    • Tendons - muscle-to-bone, bend skeleton at moveable joints
    • Origin = point of attachment of muscle to stationary bone.
    • Insertion = point of attachment of muscle to bone that moves.
    • Extension = Straightening of joint
    • Flexion = bending of joint
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3
Q

The Muscle System
3 types of joints

  1. Fibrous - define and give an example
  2. Cartilaginous - define and give an example
  3. Synovial - define and give an example
A
  1. Fibrous = connect bones w/o allowing any movement
    Ex = skull, pelvis, spinous process and vertebrae)
  2. Cartilaginous = bones attached by cartilage, allow little movement
    Ex = spine & ribs
  3. Synovial = allow for much more movement; most common; filled with synovial fluid which acts as a lubricant
    EX = carpals, wrist, elbow, knee joint.
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4
Q

The Muscular System

Skeletal muscle(striated muscle)- multi or uni? voluntary or involuntary?

  • Myofibrils
  • Sacromeres
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Sarcoplasm
  • Sarcolemma
    * Action Potential
    * T-tubules
  • Mitochondria
A

Skeletal muscle(striated muscle) - voluntary movement, fibers are MULTINUCLEATED cells.

MYOFIBRILS= Composed of thin and thick filaments.

  • Sacromeres= Individual contractile units separated by a border (Z-line)
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum = Stores Ca2+l surrounds myofibrils
  • Sarcoplasm= cytoplasm

-Sarcolemma = Plasma membrane of muscle cells ; can propagate ACTION POTENTIAL
I) invaginated by T-TUBULES - channels for ion flow.
II) Wraps several myofibrils together to form a muscle cell/muscle fiber.
-Mitochondria = Present in large amounts in myofibrils

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5
Q

Sarcomere is composed of ____ and ____

A

Is composed of thin filaments (ACTIN) and thick filaments (MYOSIN)

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6
Q 
The Muscle System
Sacromere
      *Z lines
      * M line
      *I band
     * H zone
     *A band
A
  • Z lines= zig zag
    * M line= middle
    * I band = Region containing thin filaments(actin) only
    • H zone = Contains thick filaments(myosin) only.
    • A band = Carries H zone and I band. Actin and myosin overlapping
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7
Q

The Muscle System

What are 3 kinds of muscles?

A

Skeletal Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

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8
Q

The Immune System

Skin and Mucous membranes

A

Provides a nonspecific first line of defense against invaders entering through the skin or through openings into the body.

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9
Q

The Immune System

-Antimicrobial proteins:where is it found?

A

(such as lysozyme, which breaks down the cell walls of bacteria) are contained in saliva, tears.

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10
Q

The Immune System

  • Cilia
  • Gastric Juice
A
  • Cilia = Lines the lungs served to sweep invaders out.

- Gastric Juice = Stomach kills most microbes.

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11
Q

The Immune System

-Symbiotic bacteria: Where is it found?

A

Found in Digestive tract and vagina outcompetes many other many other organisms. that could cause damage.

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12
Q

The Immune System

Types of WBCs

  • Phagocytes
    • Neutrophills
    • Monocytes
    • Macrophages
A

Phagocytes - are white blood cells(leukocytes) that engulf pathogens by phagocytosis.

They include NEUTROPHILLS and MONOCYTES.

Macrophages = Monocytes enlarge into large phagocytic cells.

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13
Q

The Immune System: 2nd line of defense

-Interferons

A

Secreted by cells invaded invaded by viruses/pathogens that stimulate neighboring cells to produce proteins defend against virus.

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14
Q

The Muscular System

Types of Muscle Response:

 * Simple Twitch
       1. Laten Period
       2. Contraction
      3. Relaxation
A

Simple Twitch = Response of a single muscle fiber to brief stimulus;

  1. Laten Period= Time btw stimulation and onset of contraction, relax
  2. Contraction
  3. Relaxation= unresponsive to the stimulus.
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15
Q

The Muscular System

Types of Muscle Response:

  • Summation
  • Tetanus
A

-Summation = contractions combine & become stronger and more prolonged.

Tetanus = Continuous sustained contractionl muscle cannot relax. Will release if maintained

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16
Q

The Muscular System

Types of Muscle Response:
-Tonus

A

Tonus = State of partial contraction; muscle never completely relaxed.

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17
Q

The Muscular System

  • Smooth Muscle
    • Vol or invol?
    • What does it lack?
    • Which NS system is it stimulated by?
    • Give example of Smooth Muscle
A

Involuntaril, ONE central nucleus, LACKS striation; stimulate by the AUTONOMIC nervous system.
Ex- lining of bladder, blood vessel walls_

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18
Q

The Muscular System

  • What are two types of smooth muscle?
A

Single- Unit(visceral)= visceral, has gap junctions, contracts as a single unit (stomach, uterus, urinary bladder)

MULTI UNIT - Attached to the neuron contracts independently(iris,)

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19
Q

The Muscular System

Cardiac Muscle

  • striated or non-striated?
  • # of central nuclei?
  • mitochondria
A
  • Striated appearance (sarcomeres)
  • One or TWO central nucleil
  • Lots of mitochondria
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20
Q

The Muscular System

Both smooth and cardiac muscle are ______.
State and describe.

A

Both smooth and cardiac muscle are MYSOGENIC

MYSOGENIC = capable of contracting without stimuli from nerve cells.

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21
Q

The Muscular System

Movement in lower forms:
Unicellular Locomotion
*Protozoans & primitive algae.
* Amoeba

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A
  • Protozoans & primitive algae= Cilia or flagella by means of POWER STROKE an RECOVERY STROKE
    • Amoeba =extend PSEUDOPODIAl advancing cell membrane extends forward.
22
Q

The Muscular System

Movement in lower forms:

  • Invertebrate Locomotion
    * Hydrostatic Skeleton
    * *Flatworms-logitudinal & circular, contract against hydrostatic skeleton.
    * * Segmented Worms (Annelids)
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A
  • Hydrostatic Skeleton
    * *FLATWORMS -longitudinal & circular, contract against hydrostatic skeleton. Contraction causes it to flow better.** Segmented Worms (Annelids) = Bristles in lower part of each segment , SETAE, anchor worm in earth while muscles push ahead.
23
Q

The Skeletal System

  • Exoskeleton
    • Arthropods- what are they made of?
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A

-Arthropods - made of hard CHITLIN,molting for growth.

24
Q

The Skeletal System

  • What is the Vertebrate Skeleton comprised of?
  • What are two major components for it?
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A

It is comprised of an ENDOSKELETON.

2 major components are CARTILAGE and BONE.

25
The Skeletal System -Vertebrate Skeleton 1. Cartilage - what kind of tissue is it made out of? What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Cartilage is made of AVASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is softer and more flexible (Ex - ear, nose, larynx, trachea.) 3 Types: 1) Hyaline (most common; absorbs shock in joints) 2) Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic cartilage.
26
The Skeletal System Bone - Is made out of what kind of tissue? Function -
Made of connective tissue; hard and strong. Function - helps protect organs, assist in body movement.
27
The Skeletal System Bone has 4 different types of cells: 1. Osteoprogenitor 2. Osteoblasts 3. Osteocytes 4. Osteoclasts
Bone has 4 different types of cells: 1. Osteoprogenitor - differentiate into osteoblasts 2. Osteoblasts = build bone. BLASTS means BUILD! 3. Osteocytes = incapable of mitosis 4. Osteoclasts = Destroy bone
28
The Integumentary (Skin) System - Functions of Skin * Thermoregulation - * Protection - * Excretion - * Immunity - * Blood reservoir - * Vit D synthesis -
- Functions of Skin * Thermoregulation - helps regulate body temp. * Protection - skin is a physical barrier. * Excretion - water/salt excreted thru skin * Immunity - cells made of epidermis are components of immune system. * Blood reservoir - Vessels in the dermis hold up to 10% of the blood * Vit D synthesis - UV radiation activated skin molecule that is precursor to vit D.
29
``` The Integumentary (Skin) System Structure of the Skin -Epidermis - what is it? Tissue? *Stratum Corneum-(top layer) *S. Lucidum * S. Granulosum *S. spinosum *S. Basale(bottom layer) ```
Structure of the Skin -Epidermis - what is it? Top layer. Avascular epithelial tissue. Layers from TOP TO BOTTOM: * Stratum Corneum- (top layer)25-30 dead layers; filled w keratin and surround lipids * S. Lucidum- palms & soles of feet, finger tips * S. Granulosum - 3-5 layer of dying cells * S. spinosum - Strength and flexibility * S. Basale - (bottom layer)Contains Merkel cells and stem cells that produce keratinocytes.
30
``` The Integumentary (Skin) System Structure of the Skin ``` - Cells of the epidermis: 1. Keratinocytes 2. Melanocytes 3. Langerhans cells 4. Merkel Cells
- Cells of the epidermis: 1. Keratinocytes - helps waterproof the skin 2. Melanocytes - transfer skin pigment melanin to keratinocytes. 3. Langerhans cells- interact w helper T-cells of immune system. 4. Merkel Cells - Attach to sensory neurons and fxn in touch sensation.
31
The Integumentary (Skin) System Structure of the Skin -Dermis - What kind of tissue? - What are the two regions for it?
Made of primarily connective tissue, 2 regions: A) Papillary Region -top 20% B) Reticular Region -Dense connective tissue. Majority of the region.
32
``` The Integumentary (Skin) System Structure of the Skin ``` -Hypodermins(subcutaneous)- what kind of tissue?
Not part of the skin. | Areolar and adipose tissue. Fat storage.
33
The Integumentary (Skin) System Glands of the Skin 1. Sebaceous (Oil) glands 2. Sudoriferous (sweat) glands * Eccrine * Apocrine 3. Ceruminous(wax) glands- 4. Mammary(milk) glands-
1. Sebaceous (Oil) glands- Connected to hair follicles absent in palms and soles. 2. Sudoriferous (sweat) glands *Eccrine - most of the body. Regulated temperature thru perspiration * Apocrine - armpits, pubic region, nipples, 3. Ceruminous(wax) glands - found in ear canal; produces wax-like 4. Mammary(milk) glands
34
The Immune System Types of WBC's Phagocytes - Nuetrophils *Chemotaxis
Most abundant WBC's. They play a key role in infection. Injured areas by chemicals in process called CHEMOTAXIS
35
The Immune System Types of WBC's Phagocytes - Monocytes *Macrohages
Move into tissues where they develop into MACROPHAGES(which phagocytize cell debris/pathogens.
36
The Immune System Types of WBC's Phagocytes - EOSINOPHILS
Work collectively to surround and destroy multicellular parasites.
37
The Immune System Types of WBC's Phagocytes - Dendritic Cells(monocyte)
Main function is to activate T- cells. Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells which are able to mark out cells that are antigens (foreign bodies) that need to be destroyed by lymphocytes.
38
The Immune System Types of WBC's Phagocytes - Mast Cells
Release histamine which causes vasodilation(inflammatory)
39
The Immune System - 2nd line of defense Lymphocytes - Basophils
Releases histamines for inflammatory response for allergic reactions
40
The Immune System - 2nd line of defense Lymphocytes -Complements how many proteins? -What does it attract and destroy?
20 compliment proteins; help attract phagocytes to foreign cells and help destroy by promoting cell lysis.
41
The Immune System - 2nd line of defense Lymphocytes -INTERFERONS -
Interferons are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or tumor cells
42
``` The Immune System - 2nd line of defense INFLAMATORY RESPONSE 1. Histamine 2. Vasodilation 3. Phagocytes 4. Complement ```
NFLAMATORY RESPONSE 1. Histamine - Secreted by basophils. Causes vasodilation. 2. Vasodilation - stimulated by histamine, increases blood supply to area. 3. Phagocytes - Attracted to injury by chemical gradients of complement, engulfs damaged cells. 4. Complement- Helps phagocytes engulf foreign cells
43
The Immune System - 3rd line of defense Major Histocompatibility Complex- Or MHC
The mechanism by which the immune system is able to differentiate b/w self and non-self cells. - The MHC is a collection of glycoproteins that exists on the membranes of all body cells.
44
The Immune System - 3rd line of defense LYMPHOCYTES- What areas do they attend to?
Primary agents of immune response. They concentrate on lymphatic tissues such as lymph nodes, thymus gland, and spleen.
45
The Immune System - 3rd line of defense LYMPHOCYTES - ( B-Cells) * Antigen receptors * Antibodies What are the 5 classes of antibodies (or IMMUNOGLOBULINS)
B-CELLS (antibodies) are lymphocytes that originate and mature in bone marrow. B-CELLS respond to ANTIGENS. B-cells are characterized by ANTIGEN RECEPTORS called ANTIBODIES. -5 classes of antibodies = IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
46
The Immune System - 3rd line of defense LYMPHOCYTES - ( B-Cells) * When antigen bound to B cell --> * Plasma Cells * Memory Cells
When antigen bound to B cell --> Proliferation(2 copies) into daughter B cells----------> Plasma Cells Plasma Cells = B cells that release specific antibodies that circulate in blood. Memory Cells = Long-lived B cells that do not release antibodies in response to immediate antigen invasion.
47
The Immune System - 3rd line of defense LYMPHOCYTES - T CELLS (foreign)
T CELLS are lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow, but mature in the thymus gland (T cell for Thymus). Like B cells, the plasma membrane of T cells have antigen receptors.
48
The Immune System - 3rd line of defense LYMPHOCYTES - T CELLS (foreign) * When T cells encounter nonself cells - what do they do? * Cytotoxic T cells * Helper T cells * Suppressor T cells * Memory T cells
* When T cells encounter nonself cells - what do they do? - They divide and produce 4 kinds of cells. * Cytotoxic T cells - KILLER T-CELLS recognize and destroy * Helper T cells- Stimulate activation of B cells. cytotoxic T cells, and supressor T-cells. * Suppressor T cells - Play negative feedback role in immune system * Memory T cells - similary fxn to memory B cells.
49
The Immune System - 3rd line of defense LYMPHOCYTES - Natural Killer Cells
Natural Killer Cells - Attack virus-infected cells or abnormal body cells(tumors)
50
The Immune System: Responses of immune system are categorized into 2 kinds of reactions: 1. CELL-MEDIATED RESPONSE: A) Produce cytotoxic T cells (destroy) and helper T cells. B) Helper T cells bind MACROPHAGES C) Helper T cells then produce INTERLEUKINS
Effective against infected cells. Uses mostly T cells and responds to ANY NONSELF CELL, including calls invaded by pathogens. A) Produce cytotoxic T cells (destroy) and helper T cells. B) Helper T cells bind MACROPHAGES= (macrophages engulf pathogens = whole is nonself) C) Helper T cells then produce INTERLEUKINS = stimulates proliferation of Tcells and B cells
51
The Immune System: Responses of immune system are categorized into 2 kinds of reactions: 2. HUMORAL RESPONSE(antibody-mediated response) a) B cells produce plasma cells b) B cells produce memory cells c) Macrophage & helper T cells stimulate B cell production. d)General Progression ---->
Responds to antigens or pathogens that circulate in lymph or blood (bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses) a) B cells produce plasma cells b) B cells produce memory cells c) Macrophage & helper T cells stimulate B cell production. d) General Progression ----> Naive ---> Mature ----> Plasma ----> Antibody.
52
The Immune System -Humans supplement natural body defenses by: * Antibiotics- * Vaccines - * Passive Immunity-
- Humans supplement natural body defenses by: * Antibiotics- chemicals derived from bacteria or fungi that are harmful to other microorganisms. * Vaccines -Stimulate production of memory cells from inactivated viruses or weakend bacteria * Passive Immunity- Transferred antibodies from another individual (EX- newborns from mother) - Acquired immediately, but short-lived - Gamma glbulin(blood containing antibodies) - can confer temporary protection against hepatitis and other diseases.
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